What art style was used by the 19th-century French painters?

The French painters of the 19th century worked in two styles. Neoclassicism dominated the first half of the century, and Impressionism was the most common style during the second half. On 1stDibs, you can find a variety of French paintings.

Who was one of the most important portrait painters of the 19th century?

British artist John Singer Sargent was one of the most important portrait painters of the 19th century. Other notable portraitists from the period include James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Eugène Delacroix, Théodore Géricault, Gustave Courbet, Édouard Manet, Mary Cassat, Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. On 1stDibs, find a wide variety of portrait paintings.

19th Century French Chandeliers

Antique Baccarat Chandelier

Crystal Ornament

Neoclassical Ormolu

Pair Of French Style Chandeliers

Bronze And Crystal Chandeliers

19th Century Pendant Light Brass Glass

French Empire Style Crystal Chandelier

Crystal Chandelier From 1800s

Category

Antique 19th Century French Neoclassical Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Ormolu

French 19th Century Neoclassical Style Maple and Ormolu Chandelier

$22,500

French 19th Century Neoclassical Style Bronze and Ormolu Chandelier

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

An elegant and most charming French 19th century Neo-Classical st. patinated bronze and ormolu six

Category

Antique 19th Century French Neoclassical Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Bronze, Ormolu

French 19th Century Neoclassical Style Bronze and Ormolu Chandelier

$13,000

Late 19th Century French Iron Crystal 15-Light Chandelier

Located in Chapel Hill, NC

Late 19th century French iron & crystal 15-light chandelier. 2-tiers in an unusual configuration

Category

Antique Late 19th Century French Other Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal, Iron, Wrought Iron

Late 19th Century French Iron Crystal 15-Light Chandelier

$6,800

19th Century French Provincial Decorative Steel Chandelier

Located in Middleburg, VA

A striking 19th-century French Provincial chandelier, hand-forged from decorative steel with a

Category

Antique 19th Century French French Provincial Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Stainless Steel

19th Century French Provincial Decorative Steel Chandelier

$2,350

French 19th Century Louis XV Style Eight-Light Chandelier

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

A stunning French 19th century Louis XV st. ormolu and Baccarat crystal eight light chandelier. A

Category

Antique 19th Century French Louis XV Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal, Ormolu

French 19th Century Louis XV Style Eight-Light Chandelier

$22,500

French 19th Century Bronze Chandelier with Baccarat Style Cut Glass

Located in Los Angeles, CA

Grand 19th century French bronze chandelier adorned with abundant clear and smoky cut glass in the

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Bronze

French 19th Century Bronze Chandelier with Baccarat Style Cut Glass

$24,000

19th Century French Bronze 12 Light Chandelier

Located in Dallas, TX

Handsome 19th century French bronze 12 light chandelier in gold and black. Nice decorative details

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Bronze

19th Century French Bronze 12 Light Chandelier

$7,480

French 19th Century Eight Light Tole Chandelier

Located in Baton Rouge, LA

A captivating eight arm chandelier from 19th century France that reflects transitional, stylistic

Category

Antique 19th Century French Bohemian Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Metal

French 19th Century Eight Light Tole Chandelier

$4,850

French 19th Century Unique Parisian Bistro Chandelier

Located in New Orleans, LA

This beautiful and unique 19th Century French fixture joins our collection from a Parisian Bistro

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Iron

French 19th Century Unique Parisian Bistro Chandelier

$15,500

French 19th Century Gothic Style Brass Chandelier

Located in Baton Rouge, LA

A stunning 6-light Gothic style brass chandelier from 19th century France. The dramatically styled

Category

Antique 19th Century French Gothic Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

French 19th Century Gothic Style Brass Chandelier

$3,200

French 19th century Empire st. Ormolu chandelier

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

A most elegant and finely detailed French 19th century Empire st. Ormolu chandelier. This

Category

Antique 19th Century French Empire Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Ormolu

French 19th century Empire st. Ormolu chandelier

$18,900

19th Century French Bronze and Crystal Chandelier

Located in Dallas, TX

Alluring 19th century French bronze and crystal 6-light chandelier.

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal, Bronze

19th Century French Bronze and Crystal Chandelier

$3,795

Late 19th Century French Scrolled Brass Chandelier

Located in South Salem, NY

Exquisite antique six-light pendant chandelier made in France circa late 19th century. Minimal

Category

Early 20th Century French French Provincial Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Late 19th Century French Scrolled Brass Chandelier

$2,200

French 19th Century Gilt Bronze Chandelier

Located in Los Angeles, CA

French 19th Century gilt bronze chandelier with rock crystal bagues consisting of 12-light

Category

Antique 1880s French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Rock Crystal, Bronze

French 19th Century Gilt Bronze Chandelier

$12,000

19th Century French Crystal and Amethyst Chandelier

Located in Dallas, TX

Marvelous 19th century French bronze, crystal and amethyst 8-light chandelier.

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Amethyst, Crystal, Bronze

19th Century French Crystal and Amethyst Chandelier

$5,445

Fine 19th Century French Rock Crystal Chandelier

Located in Dallas, TX

Exceptional 19th century French gilt bronze and heavy rock crystal twelve-light chandelier, circa

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Rock Crystal, Bronze

Fine 19th Century French Rock Crystal Chandelier

$20,350

Pair of Monumental French Neoclassical Bronze Chandeliers, Late 19th Century.

Located in Los Angeles, CA

A magnificent pair of late 19th-century French neoclassical bronze chandeliers, each exceptionally

Category

Antique Late 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Bronze

Pair of Monumental French Neoclassical Bronze Chandeliers, Late 19th Century.

$22,000 / set

19th Century French Louis XV Style Multi Colored Crystal Chandelier

Located in Los Angeles, CA

Very fine 19th century French Louis xv style multicolored crystal chandelier. The chandelier has

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal

19th Century French Louis XV Style Multi Colored Crystal Chandelier

$5,850

19th Century French gilded ormolu classical chandelier

Located in Brighton, Sussex

A striking classical 19th century gilded ormolu eight branch chandelier, having a wonderful globe

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Ormolu

19th Century French gilded ormolu classical chandelier

$13,007

Unique French Antique Brass Chandelier, 19th Century

Located in New Orleans, LA

This unusual French brass chandelier dates back to the 19th century and features a myriad of unique

Category

Antique Late 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Unique French Antique Brass Chandelier, 19th Century

$3,100

French Louis XV Style Ormolu Chandelier, 19th Century Signed BR

Located in Cypress, CA

Sensational 19th century French Louis XV style doré bronze two-tier 42-light chandelier with birds

Category

Antique 19th Century French Louis XV Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Bronze

French Louis XV Style Ormolu Chandelier, 19th Century Signed BR

$48,000

French Late 19th Century Patinated Bronze Chandelier with Crystal Elements

Located in Los Angeles, CA

An exquisite French chandelier dating to the late 19th century, crafted in patinated bronze and

Category

Antique Late 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal, Bronze

French Late 19th Century Patinated Bronze Chandelier with Crystal Elements

$12,600

French 19th Century Six-Light Crystal Chandelier with Silvered Armature

Located in Atlanta, GA

A French six-light crystal silvered chandelier from the 19th century with central column

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal

French 19th Century Six-Light Crystal Chandelier with Silvered Armature

$6,360 Sale Price

20% Off

19th Century Crystal Bronze Chandelier from France

Located in Dallas, TX

This crystal and bronze chandelier origins from France, circa 1880. It was originally with gas

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal, Bronze

19th Century Crystal Bronze Chandelier from France

$21,060

19th Century French Louis XVI Bronze Chandelier

Located in Dallas, TX

A very fine 19th century French Louis XVI style bronze chandelier with six lights. The chandelier

Category

Antique Late 19th Century French Louis XVI Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Bronze

19th Century French Louis XVI Bronze Chandelier

$4,500

19th Century French Giltwood 3 light Chandelier Light Fixture

Located in San Francisco, CA

. Newly re-wired and ready to install. France, 19th century

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Giltwood

19th Century French Giltwood 3 light Chandelier Light Fixture

$3,750

19th Century French Louis XV Style Dore Bronze Crystal Chandelier

Located in Los Angeles, CA

19th century French Louis XV style doré bronze crystal chandelier with amethyst. The chandelier has

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Amethyst, Crystal, Bronze

19th Century French Louis XV Style Dore Bronze Crystal Chandelier

$4,875

French 19th Century Bronze and Crystal Chandelier

Located in London, GB

foliate and faceted crystal drops in abundance. A very good quality piece from the late 19th century

Category

Antique Late 19th Century French Louis XV Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal, Bronze

French 19th Century Bronze and Crystal Chandelier

$6,777

French 19th Century First Empire Period Ormolu and Crystal Chandelier

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

A magnificent and extremely high quality French 19th century First Empire period, twenty four light

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal, Ormolu

French 19th Century First Empire Period Ormolu and Crystal Chandelier

$105,000

French Beaux-Arts Brass and Bronze Chandelier, Late 19th Century

Located in Rio De Janeiro, BR

French Beaux-Arts Brass and Bronze Chandelier, Late 19th Century This Grand French Beaux-Arts

Category

Antique Late 19th Century French Beaux Arts Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass, Bronze

French Beaux-Arts Brass and Bronze Chandelier, Late 19th Century

$4,570

French Antiques Bronze 19th Century chandelier

Located in Los Angeles, CA

Very beautiful louis XVI style bronze chandelier with seven lights, the central light is top with a

Category

Antique 1890s French Louis XVI Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Bronze

French Antiques Bronze 19th Century chandelier

$7,800

French 19th Century Louis XVI St. Six-Arm Ormolu Chandelier

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

A striking and extremely elegant French 19th century Louis XVI st. six arm ormolu chandelier. The

Category

Antique 19th Century French Louis XVI Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Ormolu

French 19th Century Louis XVI St. Six-Arm Ormolu Chandelier

$15,200

French 19th Century Louis XIV St. Ormolu Chandelier, Signed Vian

By Henry Vian

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

A striking and most unique French 19th century Louis XIV st. ormolu chandelier, signed Vian. The

Category

Antique 19th Century French Louis XIV Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Ormolu

French 19th Century Louis XIV St. Ormolu Chandelier, Signed Vian

$15,800

French 19th Century Louis XVI St. Ormolu Twelve Light Chandelier

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

A spectacular French 19th century Louis XVI st. ormolu twelve light chandelier. At the base are

Category

Antique 19th Century French Louis XVI Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Ormolu

French 19th Century Louis XVI St. Ormolu Twelve Light Chandelier

$49,500

French 19th Century Saxe Porcelain, Tole and Patinated Bronze Chandelier

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

A lovely and most charming French 19th century Saxe porcelain, tole and patinated bronze chandelier

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Metal, Bronze

French 19th Century Saxe Porcelain, Tole and Patinated Bronze Chandelier

$10,700

19th Century French Eight-Light Crystal Chandelier

Located in Savannah, GA

Ornate French crystal chandelier featuring an elaborate center vase column, very large teardrop

Category

Antique Late 19th Century French Rococo Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal, Brass

19th Century French Eight-Light Crystal Chandelier

$4,387 Sale Price

35% Off

French 19th century Louis XV st. Ormolu chandelier

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

A stunning and high quality French 19th century Louis XV st. Ormolu chandelier. This most elegant

Category

Antique 19th Century French Louis XV Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Ormolu

French 19th century Louis XV st. Ormolu chandelier

$19,800

French 19th Century Belle Epoque Bronze Chandelier

Located in New Orleans, LA

bronze arms. The French antique fixture dates back to the late 19th century and plays host to a beautiful

Category

Antique Mid-19th Century French Belle Époque Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Bronze

French 19th Century Belle Epoque Bronze Chandelier

$18,000

Louis XV "Mazarin" Solid Bronze Chandelier, Late 19th Century, France

Located in Los Angeles, CA

A magnificent Louis XV "Mazarin" chandelier from Late 19th Century France, expertly crafted from

Category

Antique Late 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Bronze

Louis XV "Mazarin" Solid Bronze Chandelier, Late 19th Century, France

$14,800

French 19th Century Empire St. Patinated Bronze and Ormolu Chandelier

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

A handsome and high quality French 19th century Empire st. patinated bronze and ormolu chandelier

Category

Antique 19th Century French Empire Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Bronze, Ormolu

French 19th Century Empire St. Patinated Bronze and Ormolu Chandelier

$16,800

Small French 19th Century Louis XVI Bronze Chandelier

Located in New Orleans, LA

at our fourth generation antique store in The French Quarter of New Orleans. Each chandelier and

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Bronze

Small French 19th Century Louis XVI Bronze Chandelier

$3,250

French 19th Century Neoclassical Style Ormolu and Baccarat Crystal Chandelier

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

A striking French 19th century neo-classical st. ormolu and Baccarat crystal chandelier. The twelve

Category

Antique 19th Century French Neoclassical Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal, Ormolu

French 19th Century Neoclassical Style Ormolu and Baccarat Crystal Chandelier

$28,900

French 19th Century Louis XVI St. Ormolu and Alabaster Chandelier

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

A stunning French 19th century Louis XVI st. ormolu and alabaster eight arm fourteen light

Category

Antique 19th Century French Louis XVI Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Alabaster, Ormolu

French 19th Century Louis XVI St. Ormolu and Alabaster Chandelier

$28,500

French 19th Century Louis XVI Style Belle Époque Period Chandelier

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

A stunning French 19th century Louis XVI st. Belle Epoque period ormolu and Baccarat crystal

Category

Antique 19th Century French Louis XVI Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal, Ormolu

French 19th Century Louis XVI Style Belle Époque Period Chandelier

$18,900

French Late 19th Century Louis XVI Bronze Chandelier

Located in New Orleans, LA

French late 19th century Louis XVI bronze chandelier with leaf bronze candle cups & bobeches, with

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Bronze

French Late 19th Century Louis XVI Bronze Chandelier

$5,000

French 19th Century Louis XVI St. Alabaster and Ormolu Chandelier

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

A stunning French 19th century Louis XVI st. alabaster and ormolu chandelier. The chandelier is

Category

Antique 19th Century French Louis XVI Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Alabaster, Ormolu

French 19th Century Louis XVI St. Alabaster and Ormolu Chandelier

$27,800

French 19th Century Louis XVI St. Eighteen-Light Ormolu Chandelier

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

An elegant French 19th century Louis XVI st. eighteen light ormolu chandelier. A regal pierced

Category

Antique 19th Century French Louis XVI Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Ormolu

French 19th Century Louis XVI St. Eighteen-Light Ormolu Chandelier

$29,500

French 19th Century Three-Light Bronze and Baccarat Chandelier with Cherubs

Located in Atlanta, GA

A French three-light bronze chandelier from the 19th century, with cherubs holding torches and

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal, Bronze

French 19th Century Three-Light Bronze and Baccarat Chandelier with Cherubs

$5,950

French Belle Époque Gilt Bronze Chandelier, Late 19th Century

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

A French Belle Époque gilt bronze chandelier late 19th century. The corona surmounted by stylized

Category

Antique 19th Century Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Bronze

French Belle Époque Gilt Bronze Chandelier, Late 19th Century

$65,000

French 19th Century Crystal and Iron Six-Light Chandelier with Pendeloques

Located in Atlanta, GA

A French six-light iron and crystal chandelier from the 19th century, with pendeloques and scrolled

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal, Iron

French 19th Century Crystal and Iron Six-Light Chandelier with Pendeloques

$5,950

French 19th Century Louis XVI Bronze Crystal Chandelier

Located in New Orleans, LA

French 19th century Louis XVI single tier bronze chandelier draped with ropes of octagon cut

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal, Bronze

French 19th Century Louis XVI Bronze Crystal Chandelier

$5,500

French 19th Century Louis XVI St. Ormolu and Crystal Chandelier

Located in West Palm Beach, FL

A stunning French 19th century Louis XVI st. ormolu and crystal chandelier. The six light

Category

Antique 19th Century French Louis XVI Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal, Ormolu

French 19th Century Louis XVI St. Ormolu and Crystal Chandelier

$15,200

French 19th Century Louis XVI Baccarat Crystal Chandelier

Located in New Orleans, LA

French 19th Century Louis XVI Baccarat crystal six light chandelier marked Baccarat on each bobeche

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal

French 19th Century Louis XVI Baccarat Crystal Chandelier

$10,500

French 19th Century Rock Crystal and Amethyst Chandelier

Located in Baton Rouge, LA

A showstopping, massive 19th century French rock crystal and amethyst chandelier illuminated by

Category

Antique 19th Century French Belle Époque Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Amethyst, Crystal, Bronze

French 19th Century Rock Crystal and Amethyst Chandelier

$35,000

French 19th Century Six-Light Crystal Chandelier with Scrolled Brass Armature

Located in Atlanta, GA

A French six-light crystal chandelier from the 19th century, with brass armature, pendeloques and

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal, Brass

French 19th Century Six-Light Crystal Chandelier with Scrolled Brass Armature

$3,950

French 19th Century Gilt Bronze and Ceramic Chandelier

Located in Baton Rouge, LA

French 19th century slender chandelier made of cast, gilt bronze and accented with a spike at the

Category

Antique 19th Century French Neoclassical Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Metal

French 19th Century Gilt Bronze and Ceramic Chandelier

$2,895

19th Century French Baccarat Manner Two Tier Chandelier

Located in Dallas, TX

The 19th Century French Baccarat Manner Two Tier Chandelier is a stunning lighting fixture that

Category

Antique 19th Century French Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Crystal, Bronze

19th Century French Baccarat Manner Two Tier Chandelier

$16,000

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19th Century French Chandeliers For Sale on 1stDibs

At 1stDibs, there are several options of 19th century French chandeliers available for sale. Frequently made of metal, bronze and stone, all 19th century French chandeliers available were constructed with great care. There are all kinds of 19th century French chandeliers available, from those produced as long ago as the 18th Century to those made as recently as the 20th Century. 19th century French chandeliers made by Louis XVI designers — as well as those associated with Empire — are very popular at 1stDibs. Baccarat, Cristalleries De Baccarat and Ferdinand Barbedienne each produced beautiful 19th century French chandeliers that are worth considering.

How Much are 19th Century French Chandeliers?

The average selling price for at 1stDibs is $6,958, while they’re typically $275 on the low end and $595,984 highest priced.

Finding the Right Chandeliers-pendant-lights for You

Chandeliers — simple in form, inspired by candelabras and originally made of wood or iron — first made an appearance in early churches. For those wealthy enough to afford them for their homes in the medieval period, a chandelier's suspended lights likely exuded imminent danger, as lit candles served as the light source for fixtures of the era. Things have thankfully changed since then, and antique chandeliers and pendant lights are popular in many interiors today.

While gas lighting during the late 18th century represented an upgrade for chandeliers — and gas lamps would long inspire Danish architect and pioneering modernist lighting designer Poul Henningsen — it would eventually be replaced with the familiar electric lighting of today.

The key difference between a pendant light and a chandelier is that a pendant incorporates only a single bulb into its design. Don’t mistake this for simplicity, however. An Art Deco–styled homage to Sputnik from Murano glass artisans Giovanni Dalla Fina, with handcrafted decorative elements supported by a chrome frame, is just one stunning example of the elaborate engineering that can be incorporated into every component of a chandelier. (Note: there is more than one lighting fixture that shares its name with the iconic mid-century-era satellite — see Gino Sarfatti’s design too.)

Chandeliers have evolved over time, but their classic elegance has remained unchanged.

Not only will the right chandelier prove impressive in a given room, but it can also offer a certain sense of practicality. These fixtures can easily illuminate an entire space, while their elevated position prevents them from creating glare or straining one’s eyes.

Certain materials, like glass, can complement naturally lit settings without stealing the show. Brass, on the other hand, can introduce an alluring, warm glow. While LEDs have earned a bad reputation for their perceived harsh bluish lights and a loss of brightness over their life span, the right design choices can help harness their lighting potential and create the perfect mood. A careful approach to lighting can transform your room into a peaceful and cozy nook, ideal for napping, reading or working.

For midsize spaces, a wall light or sconce can pull the room together and get the lighting job done. Perforated steel rings underneath five bands of handspun aluminum support a rich diffusion of light within Alvar Aalto's Beehive pendant light, but if you’re looking to brighten a more modest room, perhaps a minimalist solution is what you’re after. The mid-century modern furniture designer Charlotte Perriand devised her CP-1 wall lamps in the 1960s, in which a repositioning of sheet-metal plates can redirect light as needed.

The versatility and variability of these lighting staples mean that, when it comes to finding something like the perfect chandelier, you’ll never be left hanging. From the natural world-inspired designs of the Art Nouveau era to the classic beauty of Paul Ferrante's fixtures, there is a style for every room.

With designs for pendant lights and chandeliers across eras, colors and materials, you’ll never run out of options to explore on 1stDibs — shop a collection today that includes antique Art Deco chandeliers, Stilnovo chandeliers, Baccarat chandeliers and more.

Questions About 19th Century French Chandeliers

What art style was used by the 19th-century French painters?
1 Answer
1stDibs ExpertApril 5, 2022
The French painters of the 19th century worked in two styles. Neoclassicism dominated the first half of the century, and Impressionism was the most common style during the second half. On 1stDibs, you can find a variety of French paintings.
Who was one of the most important portrait painters of the 19th century?
1 Answer
1stDibs ExpertApril 5, 2022
British artist John Singer Sargent was one of the most important portrait painters of the 19th century. Other notable portraitists from the period include James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Eugène Delacroix, Théodore Géricault, Gustave Courbet, Édouard Manet, Mary Cassat, Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. On 1stDibs, find a wide variety of portrait paintings.