Skip to main content

Chopard Watch Used

to
54
1,005
258
1,025
314
282
181
175
65
46
21
17
11
3
2
1
1
1
1
1,336
4
2
1
1
Sort By
Chopard Fully Loaded Diamond and Blue Sapphire Set Watch 143001-1003
By Chopard
Located in Mayfair, London, London
set with 20 round brilliant cut diamonds, sapphire glass, manual wind movement. This stunning watch
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Unknown Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Diamond, Blue Sapphire, White Gold

Chopard 161268 Mille Miglia Gt XL 18k Rose Gold Chronograph Watch
By Chopard
Located in Boca Raton, FL
Company: Chopard Model: Mille Miglia GT XL Case Material: 18k Rose Gold Case Diameter: 44mm Size
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

18k Gold, Rose Gold

Chopard Your Hour 18k White Gold Diamond MOP Quartz Watch 13/6965-20
By Chopard
Located in Tustin, CA
We are pleased to offer this elegant Chopard Your Hour Ladies Watch, reference 13/6965-20. A
Category

Early 2000s Swiss Contemporary Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Diamond, 18k Gold, White Gold

Chopard Black DLC Stainless Steel Mille Miglia Gran Turismo Chronograph Watch
By Chopard
Located in Dallas, TX
rubber strap with stainless steel Chopard buckle. Pre-owned with box and papers.
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Stainless Steel

Chopard Happy Sun 207469 Unisex Watch in 18 Karat Rose Gold
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
. All components are factory original. Photos of actual watch. The watch is splash proof but not for
Category

2010s Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Rose Gold

Chopard Happy Fish 28/8347/8-402 Unisex Watch in Stainless Steel
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
Chopard Happy Fish 28/8347/8-402 Unisex Watch in Stainless Steel SKU: 113404 PRIMARY DETAILS
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Stainless Steel

Chopard Mille Miglia Raticosa Steel Black Dial Mens Watch 168589-3034
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
warranty coverage * 14-day return policy with a full refund. Buyers can verify the watch's authenticity at
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Steel

Chopard St. Moritz 18k Yellow Gold Diamond Ladies Watch 25/4334 24
By Chopard
Located in Dallas, TX
Chopard St. Moritz 18k Yellow Gold Diamond Ladies Watch 25/4334 24 - Quartz. 18K Yellow gold with
Category

20th Century Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Chopard Happy Sport Ladies Stainless Steel watch with Floating Diamonds 27/8418-
By Chopard
Located in Dallas, TX
Chopard Happy Sport Ladies Stainless Steel watch with Floating Diamonds 27/8418-3002 - Quartz
Category

20th Century Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Vintage Chopard Tigers Eye 18 Karat Yellow Gold Watch 50391 circa 1970s
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
Vintage Chopard Tigers Eye 18 Karat Yellow Gold Watch 50391 circa 1970s w/ Chopard Service Papers
Category

20th Century Swiss Modern Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Tiger s Eye, Yellow Gold, 18k Gold

Chopard Mille Miglia GMT Chronogprah Steel Black Dial Men Watch 168992-3001
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
Pre-owned Chopard Mille Miglia GMT 42mm Steel Black Dial Automatic Men's Watch 168992-3001. The
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Chopard Mille Miglia GT XL 168439-3001 Men s Watch in Stainless Steel
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
Chopard Mille Miglia GT XL 168439-3001 Men's Watch in Stainless Steel SKU: 114396 PRIMARY
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Steel, Stainless Steel

Chopard Lady s White Gold and Diamond Mille Miglia Elton John Chronograph Watch
By Chopard
Located in Southampton, PA
Chopard lady's 18k white gold chronograph wristwatch with a diamond-set bezel on an orange
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

White Diamond, 18k Gold, White Gold

Chopard Mille Miglia Gran Turismo XL Steel Automatic Mens Watch 168997-3001
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
Pre-owned Chopard Mille Miglia Gran Turismo XL Steel Automatic Mens Watch. The loop Holder is
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Chopard Grand Prix De Monaco Stainless Steel Silver Dial 8992 Men s Watch
By Chopard
Located in Great Neck, NY
Chopard Grand Prix De Monaco 8992 Mens Watch. 42mm Stainless steel case and fixed bezel. Sliver
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Silver, Steel, Stainless Steel

Chopard Happy Spirit Diamond Mother of Pearl Dial Watch 20/7061-20
By Chopard
Located in Southampton, PA
The Chopard Happy Spirit Watch, reference number 20/7061-20, is a mesmerizing timepiece that will
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Diamond, 18k Gold, White Gold

Chopard Mille Miglia Racing Colors Collection Titanium Set of 5 Automatic Watch
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
2003 Original Chopard Mille Miglia Racing Colors Titanium set The original Mille Miglia "Racing
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Titanium

Chopard for Molina Steel LTD Edtion Copper Dial Automatic Ladies Watch 8331
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
This pre-owned Chopard Molina 8331 is a beautiful Ladie's timepiece that is powered by a mechanical
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Swiss Modern Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Steel

Chopard Mille Miglia 1000 Steel Chronograph MOP Dial Ladies Watch 168511-3018
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
This pre-owned Chopard 168511-3018 is a beautiful Ladie's timepiece that is powered by mechanical
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Swiss Modern Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Steel

Chopard La Strada Geneve Stainless Steel Blue Dial Quartz Ladies Watch 8357
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
not visible from naked eyes. Minor scratches on crystal. case size 24*35mm.Chopard engraving on side
Category

2010s Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Chopard for Molina Steel LTD Edtion Copper Dial Automatic Ladies Watch 8331
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
This pre-owned Chopard Molina 8331 is a beautiful Ladie's timepiece that is powered by mechanical
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Chopard Factory Diamond 18 Karat Yellow Gold 153 Grams Diamond Belt Watch
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
Chopard Factory Diamond 18 Karat Yellow Gold 153 Grams Diamond Belt Watch with date display H2612
Category

2010s Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Diamond, 18k Gold, Yellow Gold

Chopard Happy Sport Steel Floating Diamond White Dial Quartz Ladies Watch 8236
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
return policy with a full refund. Buyers can verify the watch's authenticity at any boutique or
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Steel

Chopard Mile Miglia Titanium Silver Dial Automatic Men s Watch 16/8915-100
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
This Pre-Owned Fair Condition Chopard 16/8915-100 is a beautiful men's timepiece that is powered by
Category

2010s Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Chopard Mille Miglia GMT Chrono Steel Black Dial Automatic Watch 168992-3001
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
(6181) This pre-owned Chopard Mille Miglia 168992-3001 is a beautiful men's timepiece that is
Category

2010s Chopard Watch Used

Chopard Mille Miglia GTS Steel Black Dial Automatic Men Watch 168565-3001
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
Pre-owned. Micro scratches on the AR coating of the crystal. The watch has minor insignificant
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Steel

Chopard Mille Miglia Jacky Ickx Special Edition Steel Automatic Watch 16/8998
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
(19690) This pre-owned Chopard Mille Miglia 16/8998 is a beautiful men's timepiece that is powered
Category

2010s Chopard Watch Used

Chopard Mille Miglia Gran Turismo XL 168997-3001 Steel Automatic Mens Watch
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
(12554) This pre-owned Chopard Mille Miglia 168997-3001 is a beautiful men's timepiece that is
Category

2010s Chopard Watch Used

Chopard Mille Miglia Steel Chronograph Silver Dial Men s Watch 16/8331-99
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
This pre-owned Chopard 16/8331 is a beautiful men's timepiece that is powered by mechanical
Category

2010s Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Chopard Mille Miglia GMT Steel Black Dial Automatic Men’s Watch 168992-3001
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
band of this watch has minor signs of softening due to wear. Details: Brand Chopard Series Mille
Category

2010s Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Chopard Mille Miglia GMT Steel Black Dial Automatic Men’s Watch 168992-3001
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
band of this watch has minor signs of softening due to wear. Brand Chopard Series Mille Miglia Model
Category

2010s Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Chopard Mille Miglia XL GMT 158514-3001 Men s Watch in Stainless Steel
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
components are factory original. Photos of actual watch. Calibre ETA 7754, 25 Jeweled Movement. Comes with
Category

2010s Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Stainless Steel

Chopard Happy Diamonds Yellow Gold Champagne Dial Diamond and Emerald Set Watch
By Chopard
Located in Mayfair, London, London
Chopard box, our own certificate of authenticity and our own one year warranty. N.B. This watch has a
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Diamond, Emerald, 18k Gold, Yellow Gold

Chopard Gold Champagne Dial Dual Time Zone Kutchinsky Gents Manual Wind Watch
By Chopard
Located in Mayfair, London, London
strap with a gold plated pin buckle (not by Chopard), mineral glass, manual wind movement, in excellent
Category

Late 20th Century Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

18k Gold, Gold

Chopard Gold Champagne Dial Dual Time Zone Kutchinsky Gents Manual Wind Watch
By Chopard
Located in Mayfair, London, London
strap with a gold plated pin buckle (not by Chopard), mineral glass, manual wind movement, in excellent
Category

Late 20th Century Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

18k Gold

Chopard Gold Champagne Dial Dual Time Zone Kutchinsky Gents Manual Wind Watch
By Chopard
Located in Mayfair, London, London
strap with a gold plated pin buckle (not by Chopard), mineral glass, manual wind movement, in excellent
Category

Late 20th Century Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

18k Gold, Gold, Yellow Gold

Chopard Happy Sport Steel Mother of Pearl Dial 288499-3012 Quartz Watch
By Chopard
Located in Mayfair, London, London
, in excellent condition, comes complete with a Chopard box and Papers dated May 2012.
Category

2010s Unknown Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Diamond, Stainless Steel

Chopard Happy Sport, Diamonds and Rubies, Steel and 18 Karat Gold Ladies Watch
By Chopard
Located in Berlin, DE
Chopard Happy Sport, Diamond and Rubies, Steel and 18 Karat Gold Ladies Watch. Ref. 8237. Quartz
Category

20th Century Modern Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Diamond, White Diamond, Ruby, 18k Gold, Stainless Steel

Chopard Lady s Yellow Gold Bracelet Watch with Tiger s Eye Dial circa 1975
By Chopard
Located in San Antonio, TX
18k yellow gold bracket watch with fold-over clasp, tiger's eye dial. Manual-wind movement. Signed
Category

1970s Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Yellow Gold, 18k Gold

Chopard 1980s Large and Heavy Yellow Gold and Tigers Eye Bracelet Wrist Watch
By Chopard
Located in Chicago, IL
Circa 1980s Chopard 18k Yellow Gold Bracelet Wrist Watch, measuring 7 1/4 inches in length 1 inch
Category

1980s French Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Tiger s Eye, 18k Gold, Yellow Gold

CHOPARD Automatic Reserve de Marche Watch in Black Leather and Case in Gold
By Chopard
Located in Paris, FR
Chopard men's watch 'Reserve de Marche' automatic in black leather and barrel shape case in yellow
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Yellow Gold

Chopard Casmir 18 Karat Yellow Gold Ladies Quartz Bangle Watch 43/5854 D
By Chopard
Located in Southampton, PA
This classic Chopard Casmir watch has a gorgeous design that is still is very au courant for
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Chopard Watch Used

Chopard Happy Sport Pink Diamond MOP 40mm Ladies 18K Gold Watch Pouch/Papers
By Chopard
Located in Miami, FL
Chopard signed 18k white gold 40mm Happy Sport Chronograph ladies wrist watch with the Chopard
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Diamond, Pink Diamond, Gold, 18k Gold, White Gold

Chopard 18K Yellow Gold La Strada Diamond and Green Emerald Ladies Wrist Watch
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
Chopard 18K Yellow Gold La Strada Diamond And Green Emerald Ladies Wrist Watch. Dial: pavé-set
Category

20th Century Swiss Modern Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Diamond, Emerald, Yellow Gold

Chopard 18K Yellow Gold La Strada Diamond and Green Emerald Ladies Wrist Watch
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
Chopard 18K Yellow Gold La Strada Diamond And Green Emerald Ladies Wrist Watch. Dial: pavé-set
Category

20th Century Swiss Modern Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Diamond, Emerald, 18k Gold, Yellow Gold

Chopard Happy Sport Steel Floating Fish Silver Dial Quartz Watch 27/8236-23
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
Pre-owned Chopard Happy Sport Floating Fish Silver Dial Quartz Ladies Watch 27/8236-23. No Original
Category

2010s Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Steel

Chopard Happy Sport White Enamel Diamond Dial Steel Ladies Quartz Watch 28/8447
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
This pre-owned Chopard Happy Sport 28/8447 is a beautiful timepiece that is powered by quartz
Category

2010s Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Chopard Grand Prix De Monaco Historique Steel Black Dial Mens Watch 168518-3001
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
Pre-owned Chopard Grand Prix De Monaco Historique Time Attack Analog Digital Watch 168518-3001. The
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Chopard Watch Used

Chopard 18k Yellow Gold Happy Spirit Diamond Mother of Pearl 4507 Ladies Watch
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
Chopard Happy Spirit Diamond watches make beautiful ladies wristwatches due to their elegant and
Category

20th Century Swiss Modern Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Diamond, Pearl, 18k Gold, Yellow Gold

Chopard Classic Racing Limited Edition 18K Gold Black Dial Men Watch 161276-5001
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
Pre Owned Chopard Classic Racing Limited Edition 18K Rose Gold Black Dial Men's Watch 1276. This
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Chopard Happy Sport Floating Diamonds Steel Quartz Ladies Watch 27/8895-23/11
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
This pre-owned Chopard Happy Sport 27/8895-23/11 is a beautiful Ladie's timepiece that is powered
Category

2010s Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Chopard Chopard Happy Diamonds Icons Rose Gold Pendant
By Chopard
Located in Miami, FL
Happy Diamonds jewelry is as unique as it is playful. The dancing diamonds are entirely free between two sapphire crystals, thus enabling them to move without restraint, and through ...
Category

2010s Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Diamond, Rose Gold

Chopard Mille Miglia Gran Turismo Steel Chrono Black Dial Mens Watch 158459-3001
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
Never Worn Chopard Mille Miglia Gran Turismo Steel Chrono Black Dial Men's Watch 158459-3001. This
Category

2010s Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Chopard 1.80 Carat Happy Diamonds 18 Karat Yellow Gold Watch Fine Estate Jewelry
By Chopard
Located in Montreal, QC
CHOPARD Happy Diamonds Watch with 30 floating rotating brilliant cut Diamonds of top quality have
Category

Late 20th Century Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Diamond, 18k Gold, Yellow Gold

Vintage Chopard 18k Yellow Gold Diamond MOP Dial Quartz Ladies Watch 899 1
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
The watch is in good condition. Aftermarket strap and buckle. Brand: Chopard Type: Wristwatch
Category

Late 20th Century Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Yellow Gold

Chopard Mille Miglia Gran Turismo XL Steel Black Dial Mens Watch 168997-3001
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
Pre-Owned Chopard Mille Miglia Gran Turismo XL Steel Black Dial Automatic Men's Watch 168997-3001
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Swiss Chopard Watch Used

Chopard Geneve Women s Watch in 18 Karat Yellow Gold Mother of Pearl Dial
By Chopard
Located in New York, NY
Retail price 10,820 USD. Watch is unworn. All components factory original. PRIMARY DETAILS Brand
Category

2010s Chopard Watch Used

Materials

Stainless Steel

  • 1
  • ...
Get Updated with New Arrivals
Save "Chopard Watch Used", and we’ll notify you when there are new listings in this category.

Chopard Watch Used For Sale on 1stDibs

Surely you’ll find the exact chopard watch used you’re seeking on 1stDibs — we’ve got a vast assortment for sale. Every item for sale was constructed with extraordinary care, often using Gold, 18k Gold and Stainless Steel. Find an antique version now, or shop for 326 vintage or 886 modern creation for a more contemporary example of these cherished accessories. Making the right choice when shopping for a chopard watch used may mean carefully reviewing examples of this item dating from different eras — you can find an early iteration of this piece from the 19th Century and a newer version made as recently as the 21st Century, both of which have proven very popular over the years. While most can agree that any chopard watch used from our collection can easily elevate most outfits, but the choice of a Diamond version from the 388 available is guaranteed to add a special touch to your ensemble. A round cut version of this piece has appeal, but there are also brilliant cut and baguette cut versions for sale. Finding a chopard watch used for sale for women should be easy, but there are 474 pieces available to browse for unisex as well as men, too.

How Much is a Chopard Watch Used?

Prices for a chopard watch used can differ depending upon size, time period and other attributes — at 1stDibs, these accessories begin at $685 and can go as high as $270,753, while this accessory, on average, fetches $7,498.

Chopard for sale on 1stDibs

In 1860, a 24-year-old son of a farmer, Louis-Ulysse Chopard (1836–1915), established the L.U.C. company — now known simply as Chopard, rather than by the founder’s initials — in Sonvilier, Switzerland. His initial work evolved from making mechanical movements to building the watches themselves, concentrating on making the pocket watch slimmer to carry for everyday use while also ensuring it was precise and reliable.

Early successes for Chopard included providing watches for the punctuality needs of the Swiss Railway Company. Recognizing the international market for Swiss watchmaking, Chopard traveled across Europe and Russia, with Czar Nicholas II becoming a client in 1912.

Chopard’s son, Paul-Louis, took over after Louis-Ulysse’s death in 1915 and expanded the business to La Chaux-de-Fonds. In 1937, the company relocated to the watchmaking center of Geneva, where they could mark their work with the prestigious Geneva Seal. (Paul-Louis’s son, Paul-André, took the reins in 1943.) Business thinned in the postwar years, and Paul-André’s sons declined the opportunity to take over for their father.

In 1963, Chopard was acquired by German goldsmith and watchmaker Karl Scheufele III and his wife, Karin. Under their ownership, Chopard added jewelry to its offerings. The popular Happy Diamonds wristwatch debuted in 1976 — it launched a collection, which now features bracelets, rings and other items. The distinctive watch sees dozens of glittering diamonds, loosed from their settings, moving freely around the dial.

The story goes that the in-house designer Ronald Kurowski was inspired by the kinetic glimmers of sunlight on a waterfall in the Black Forest. He would then develop the innovative system for the Happy Diamonds timepiece that he hoped would essentially mimic his experience in the woods.

A young Caroline Scheufele — Karl and Karin’s daughter, who would later become copresident and artistic director — led the introduction of a Happy Diamonds jewelry line in 1985, with her design for a playful clown pendant with a belly full of jittering precious stones. Subsequent lines and accessories such as the Happy Dreams bracelet, Happy Hearts collection and the Happy Sport watches further enhanced Chopard’s range of dynamic adornment.

The Scheufele family-run company continues to be synonymous with excellence in timepieces, such as its role as the official timekeeper for the Grand Prix de Monaco Historique, creating all of its movements in-house. And Chopard is constantly developing its wares, from sunglasses and fragrances to recent introductions of high-end handbags.

Find a wide range of vintage Chopard wristwatches, necklaces, rings and other jewelry on 1stDibs.

Finding the Right Wrist-watches for You

Antique, vintage and luxury wristwatches have captured the hearts and minds of all manner of watch collectors as well as the watchmakers themselves — it's time you found your own.

Certain vintage watches for men and iconic watch designs for women are sought after not only because of their graceful proportions or innovative materials but also because of the illustrious histories of the houses that created them, histories that they stylishly embody.

Bulgari’s legendary Serpenti watch was on everyone’s list after the collection’s bold bracelet, which technically debuted after the timepiece, graced the wrist of actress Elizabeth Taylor. If anything, elaborately crafted timepieces — the unmistakably boxy silhouette of Cartier Tank watches, the elegant and minimal Calatrava designed by legendary Swiss house Patek Philippe — are even more effective than the shape we associate with traditional wristwatches.

Form watches — the all-encompassing moniker bestowed upon non-round watches — are making headlines and completing contemporary fashionable ensembles the world over. At the same time, both casual fans and careful collectors are drawn to the unbeatable charm of vintage styles, such as the icons designed by Omega that even James Bond can’t resist.

In the early days of watchmaking, watches were fragile enough that they necessitated protection from the elements. Now, wristwatches made of gold and steel can withstand the harshest climates — even 100 meters underwater, in the case of Rolex’s Submariner. Designer Gérald Genta, whose range of clients included Rolex, created for Audemars Piguet the first luxury sports timepiece to be made from stainless steel. First introduced in 1972, the Royal Oak was a perfect choice for blending the form and function that are now synonymous with sports watches.

Are you shopping for a wristwatch? It’s good to keep your needs as well as your specific personal style in mind: A smaller, subtle timepiece is a good fit for small wrists. When will you be wearing your new accessory? There’s a versatile model out there for everyday wear, while a rugged, feature-heavy watch is a safe bet if you’re prone to embarking on all-weather activities in the great outdoors.

Find antique, vintage and luxury wristwatches for sale on 1stDibs.

Questions About Chopard
  • 1stDibs ExpertFebruary 22, 2021
    Chopard has been manufacturing luxury watches since 1860. The watches are more fashionable than functional, but they're extremely high quality and on the same par as Rolex, Cartier and Patek Philippe.
  • 1stDibs ExpertApril 5, 2022
    The Chopard name is most famous for its luxury watches, jewelry and accessories. The company started in 1860 as watchmaker Louis-Ulysse Chopard gained fame for his exquisite skills. Its reputation is built upon the dedication to excellence and fine quality materials that are used in the production of its watches and other items. Shop a collection of Chopard watches, jewelry and accessories from some of the world’s top sellers on 1stDibs.