Skip to main content

Perforated Brass Mid Century Pendant Light

to
19
265
167
410
29
3
383
37
2
410
32
337
20
3
16
175
66
17
1
2
413
389
130
47
21
359
113
86
67
63
438
417
426
54
22
22
20
15
Sort By
Vintage Pair of Murano Disc Sputnik Chandeliers
Located in Austin, TX
A pair of vintage sputnik chandeliers from Murano, Italy. Light shines through a perforated
Category

Vintage 1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Large Chandelier with Six Metal Colored Shades
Located in Waalwijk, NL
allow you to 'play' with the light and point it in your own desired direction. Each shade is perforated
Category

Vintage 1960s Italian Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Metal, Brass

Magnificent Paavo Tynell Snowflake Chandelier
By Paavo Tynell, Taito Oy
Located in Dallas, TX
Oy. This breathtaking chandelier casts a warm glow of light from the intricately perforated brass
Category

Vintage 1950s Finnish Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Large Stilnovo Chandelier
By Stilnovo
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Stunning and large Stilnovo chandelier from Italy. (8) Perforated bowl shades dynamically synergize
Category

Vintage 1950s Italian Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass, Steel

Paavo Tynell Snowflake Number Three Chandelier for Taito Oy Model 9041
By Taito Oy, Paavo Tynell
Located in Dallas, TX
perforated brass bowl upwardly illuminating the delicate handcut brass snowflakes and casting long shadows on
Category

Mid-20th Century Finnish Scandinavian Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Paavo Tynell Fantasia Snowflake Chandelier Stamped Taito Oy Rare Important
By Paavo Tynell, Taito Oy
Located in Dallas, TX
casts a warm glow of light from the intricately perforated brass bowl upwardly illuminating the delicate
Category

Vintage 1950s Finnish Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Modernist Black Metal Uplight Chandelier, A.B. Read for Troughton Young, 1940s
By A.B. Read 1
Located in London, GB
One of a pair of original Mid-Century Modern six-shades black metal chandelier with perforated
Category

Vintage 1940s English Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass, Chrome, Metal

Modernist Black Metal Chandelier, A.B. Read for Troughton Young 1940 s
By A.B. Read 1
Located in London, GB
One of a pair of original Mid-Century Modern six-shades black metal chandelier with perforated
Category

Vintage 1940s English Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass, Chrome, Metal

1950s Stilnovo Glass and Metal Ceiling Lamp by Bruno Gatta
By Stilnovo, Bruno Gatta
Located in Glendale, CA
design executed in matte finish opaline glass, black painted perforated metal and brass hardware. A
Category

Vintage 1950s Italian Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass, Metal

Max Ingrand model 1508 chandelier Fontana Arte Italy 1954
By Max Ingrand, Fontana Arte
Located in Roosendaal, Noord Brabant
bottom sits a curved brass perforated ring that holds the glass in place. Through the perforated holes
Category

Vintage 1950s Italian Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Gino Sarfatti Style Chandelier for Lightolier
By Gino Sarfatti
Located in New York, NY
perforated, concave white shade meant to diffuse the light projected from three brass cups. Holds three
Category

Vintage 1950s Canadian Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Mobile Italian 1950s Asymmetrical Metal Chandelier with Colored Lampshades
Located in Saint-Ouen, FR
perforated metal lacquered in different colors. A brass plate allows fixing the chandelier to the ceiling
Category

20th Century Italian Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Blue and Gray Midcentury Chandelier
Located in New York, NY
perforated conical gray shades. Hardware is brass and holds six light sources. Shades have been left in
Category

Vintage 1960s Italian Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Mid Century Lamp w/ Counterweight by Paavo Tynell for Taito
By Paavo Tynell, Taito-idman
Located in Astoria, NY
A vintage pendant light by Paavo Tynell for Taito. The piece consists of a perforated brass shade
Category

20th Century Finnish Table Lamps

Materials

Brass

Single Flush Mount Pendant by Stilux
By Stilux
Located in Los Angeles, CA
, brass and metal. Perforated metal detail at bottom of each fixture. Pendants come in three different
Category

Vintage 1950s Italian Mid-Century Modern Flush Mount

Materials

Metal, Brass

Mid Century Brass Pendant Light
By Hans-Agne Jakobsson
Located in New York, NY
Mid Century Modern Brass & Teak Pendant Light in the style of Hans-Agne Jakobsson. Solid brass
Category

Vintage 1950s American Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Mid-Century Modern Perforated Brass and Frosted Glass Saucer Pendant
Located in Astoria, NY
Mid-Century Modern 1960s atomic pendant light, of saucer form with frosted glass shade against
Category

Vintage 1960s Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Nice Original Mid-Century Modern 5 Light Perforated Shade Chandelier
Located in Peekskill, NY
This is a nice simple and elegant 5 light chandelier. We love the high style look if a white
Category

Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Midcentury Pendant on Adjustable Cord with Perforated Brass Shade
Located in San Francisco, CA
Midcentury adjustable length, hanging light fixture in brass. The perforated shade has a lovely
Category

Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Swedish Modern Pendant in Perforated Brass, 1940s
Located in Karlstad, SE
and great quality, typical for its time. This pendant features five light sources, hidden by brass
Category

20th Century Swedish Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Solid Pendant with Perforated Lampshade in Brass
Located in Waalwijk, NL
Pendant, brass, Italy, 1950s. The conical golden lampshade features delicate perforated slots on
Category

Vintage 1950s Italian Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Mid-Century Modern Five-Arm Perforated Brass Chandelier by Lightolier
By Lightolier
Located in New York, NY
This sophisticated Mid-Century Modern chandelier was realized in the United States by the esteemed
Category

Vintage 1970s American Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Perforated Italian Pendant Lamp in Brass and Steel, 1960s
Located in Esbjerg, DK
Probably made by either Stilux of Milan or Artemide this unusual cylindrical pendant light features
Category

Vintage 1960s Italian Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass, Steel

Gorgeous Mid-Century PSO Ceiling Lamp Model 468010 in Perforated Brass, 1950s
Located in Helsinki, FI
brass with the most gorgeous patina ever. The lamp has three light spots and gives good down lighting
Category

Vintage 1950s Finnish Scandinavian Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Fog Mørup X-Perforated Chandelier In Brass And Glass, Denmark Mid 20th Century
By Fog Mørup
Located in Helsinki, FI
An X-perforated chandelier in brass and glass, designed and manufactured by Fog & Mørup in Denmark
Category

Vintage 1950s Danish Scandinavian Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Paavo Tynell Style Brass Mid-Century Modern Light Fixture
Located in Saint Louis, MO
Brass Midcentury Chandelier with perforated brass bowl and 12 arms that radiate out of the top. An
Category

Mid-20th Century American Scandinavian Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Midcentury Perforated Brass and Opaline Glass Pendant Lamp by ASEA, Sweden 1960s
By ASEA
Located in Esbjerg, DK
Swedish pendant light composed of partially perforated brass shade set in a geometric pattern. It
Category

Vintage 1960s Swedish Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Pendant in the manner of Paavo Tynell, Brass with Perforated Pattern 1950s
By Bent Karlby, Paavo Tynell, Lyfa
Located in Silkeborg, Silkeborg
This pendant is made of brass with a fine patina on the surface, a patina developed from gentle use
Category

Vintage 1950s Danish Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Metal, Brass

Lightolier Ten-Light Chandelier with Perforated Conical Shades
By Lightolier
Located in Astoria, NY
A Lightolier chandelier, produced circa 1960s, with five curved brass arms, each supporting
Category

Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass, Metal

Rare and Elegant Mid-Century Modern Brass Pendant Lamp, 1950s, Germany
By Bochumer Lampenfabrik
Located in Munich, DE
Elegant Mid-Century Modern brass pendant lamp or hanging light. Designed and manufactured in
Category

Vintage 1950s German Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Mid Century Brass Adjustable Pull-down Conical Pendant Style Thurston Lightolier
By Lightolier, Gerald Thurston
Located in Miami, FL
Fabulous Pull-Down Space Age Modern conical perforated Brass pendant light in the style of Gerald
Category

Vintage 1950s American Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Rare Mid-Century Modern Double Head Pendant Lamp or Hanging Light 1950s, Germany
Located in Munich, DE
Extremely rare and elegant Mid-Century Modern pendant lamp or hanging light with two perforated
Category

Vintage 1950s German Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass, Aluminum

Amazing Large Mid-Century Modern Brass Pendant Lamp "Star Sky" Germany 1950s
Located in Munich, DE
Extremely rare, elegant and highly decorative Mid-Century Modern perforated brass ceiling fixture
Category

Vintage 1950s German Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Pair of Large Paavo Tynell Style Perforated Cone Pendants
By Paavo Tynell, Stilnovo
Located in Vienna, AT
Rare large brass and pierced aluminum cone pendants, circa 1960. The color of the lacquered cones
Category

Vintage 1950s European Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Aluminum, Brass

Midcentury Brass Pendant Light by Bent Karlby for Lyfa, 1960s
By Bent Karlby
Located in Esbjerg, DK
. The light is made from solid partially perforated brass that has patinated charmingly over the years
Category

Vintage 1950s Danish Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Three-Color Danish Chandelier with Perforated Brass Shades
Located in London, GB
Perforated brass hanging lamps designed in the manner of Fog & Mørup and Agne Jacobsen. Three brass
Category

Vintage 1950s Danish Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Italian Sunburst Flush Mount Pendant Light, Black Green Metal and Brass, 1950s
Located in Barcelona, ES
Mid-Century Modern green, black lacquered metal and brass sunburst suspension light, chandelier or
Category

Mid-20th Century Italian Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass, Metal

Lisa Johansson-Pape Pendant Light, Orno, Opal Plexiglass Brass, Finland, 1950s
By Paavo Tynell, Lisa Johansson-Pape, Orno Oy
Located in Hausmannstätten, AT
A Scandinavian Modern white plexiglass and brass pendant light designed by Lisa Johansson-Pape for
Category

Vintage 1950s Finnish Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Gordon and Jane Martz Model 236 Hanging Pendant Lamp perforated swirl glaze
By Marshall Studios, Gordon Jane Martz
Located in Virginia Beach, VA
236 hanging pendant lamp consists of a perforated ceramic shade suspended from its original wiring and
Category

Vintage 1960s American Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Midcentury Brass and White Lucite Pendant Light by Bent Karlby for Lyfa, 1960s
By Bent Karlby
Located in Esbjerg, DK
. The light consists of white fluorescent Lucite shade set in a top of perforated brass that has
Category

Vintage 1960s Danish Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Italian Mid-Century Articulating Brass Spider Chandelier, 1950s
Located in Paris, FR
perforated brass. A beautiful design in every aspect. A perfect chandelier for living spaces with relatively
Category

20th Century French Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Brass Rise and Fall Light Produced by Itsu of Finland
By Itsu
Located in London, GB
Mid-century brass rise and fall chandelier, produced by Itsu of Finland. A simple and elegant
Category

Mid-20th Century Finnish Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Extremely Rare Lovely Mid Century Modern Cascading Pendant Lamp Germany 1960s
Located in Munich, DE
Exceptional, highly decorative Mid-Century Modern pendant lamp or hanging light with three lamp
Category

Vintage 1960s German Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Aluminum, Brass

Scandinavian Mid-Century Pendant by Hans-Agne Jakobsson, Model "Estrella"
By Hans-Agne Jakobsson
Located in Karlstad, SE
An exceptionally rare and highly sought after mid-century pendant light, designed by the celebrated
Category

20th Century Swedish Scandinavian Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Swedish Midcentury Brass Pendant by Boréns
By Boréns Borås
Located in Karlstad, SE
Large pendant made of solid brass by Swedish manufacturer Boréns. The diffuser is made of white
Category

20th Century Swedish Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Saucer Pendant Light by Edward Wormley for Lightolier
Located in BROOKLYN, NY
Stunning Midcentury pendant light with enameled saucer and brass perforated cones. Designed by
Category

Mid-20th Century Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass, Enamel

Set of 3 Mid-Century Hans-Agne Jakobsson Pendant Lights, Sweden, 1960s
By Markyard, Hans-Agne Jakobsson
Located in London, GB
For sale is a stunning set of 3 brass glass pendant lights designed by Hans-Agne Jakobsson
Category

Mid-20th Century Swedish Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

Macumba Pendant Light by Ernesto Gismondi for Artemide
By Artemide, Ernesto Gismondi
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Macumba pendant light by Ernesto Gismondi for Artemide designed in Italy, 1974. Perforated metal
Category

Vintage 1970s Italian Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Aluminum, Steel, Brass

Rare Mid-Century Modern Chandelier or Pendant Lamp by Mathieu Matégot 1950s
By Mathieu Matégot
Located in Munich, DE
Extremely rare and highly decorative Mid-Century Modern pendant lamp or ceiling light. Designed
Category

Vintage 1950s French Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass, Metal

Mid-Century Modern Paavo Tynell Attributed Six Cup Chandelier or Light Fixture
By Paavo Tynell
Located in Hamilton, Ontario
This Mid-Century Modern light fixture is unsigned, but believed to have been designed by Paavo
Category

Mid-20th Century Finnish Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Metal

Pair of Virden Triple Brass Pendants
By John C. Virden Co.
Located in Hanover, MA
Pair of suspension light fixtures consisting of three perforated brass cones by John C. Virden
Category

Vintage 1950s American Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Aluminum, Brass

Rare Mid-Century Modern Pendant Lamp by Ernest Igl for Hillebrand Germany 1950s
By Hillebrand, Ernest Igl
Located in Munich, DE
Exceptional and elegant Mid-Century Modern perforated pendant lamp or hanging light. Designed by
Category

Vintage 1950s German Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass, Metal

Mid-Century Italian Pendant Lamp, in the style of Gino Sarfatti for Arteluce
By Stilnovo, Gino Sarfatti, Arteluce
Located in Lisboa, PT
perforated edges, and below, hold by three brass rods, are three round plates in brass and ivory, also with
Category

Vintage 1950s Italian Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Metal, Brass

Mid-Century Style Atomic Age Chandelier
Located in Peekskill, NY
brought back from Europe. This three-light articulated lamp is a stylish black, white and brass. The
Category

Mid-20th Century Italian Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Rare Brass Ceiling Light by Paavo Tynell
By Paavo Tynell
Located in Montreal, QC
Polished and perforated brass pull down ceiling fixture by Paavo Tynell with weight pendant . The
Category

Vintage 1950s Finnish Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Table and Pendant Light by Hans Agne Jakobsson, Sweden, 1960
By Hans-Agne Jakobsson
Located in Paris, FR
Table and pendant light by Hans Agne jakobsson, Sweden, 1960 A table lamp and a pendant lamp
Category

Mid-20th Century Swedish Scandinavian Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Metal, Brass

Pure Simple Designed Brass Diamond Glass Modernist Pendant Lamp by Vitrika
By Vitrika
Located in Esbjerg, DK
Clear diamond-pattern glass og slightly patinated perforated brass makes this pendant light by
Category

Vintage 1960s Danish Mid-Century Modern Chandeliers and Pendants

Materials

Brass

  • 1
Get Updated with New Arrivals
Save "Perforated Brass Mid Century Pendant Light", and we’ll notify you when there are new listings in this category.

Perforated Brass Mid Century Pendant Light For Sale on 1stDibs

Find many varieties of an authentic perforated brass mid century pendant light available at 1stDibs. A perforated brass mid century pendant light — often made from brass, metal and gold — can elevate any home. Your living room may not be complete without a perforated brass mid century pendant light — find older editions for sale from the 20th Century and newer versions made as recently as the 20th Century. A perforated brass mid century pendant light, designed in the Mid-Century Modern style, is generally a popular piece of furniture. Many designers have produced at least one well-made perforated brass mid century pendant light over the years, but those crafted by Hans-Agne Jakobsson, Lightolier and Stiffel are often thought to be among the most beautiful.

How Much is a Perforated Brass Mid Century Pendant Light?

Prices for a perforated brass mid century pendant light start at $823 and top out at $6,500 with the average selling for $3,213.

A Close Look at Mid-century Modern Furniture

Organically shaped, clean-lined and elegantly simple are three terms that well describe vintage mid-century modern furniture. The style, which emerged primarily in the years following World War II, is characterized by pieces that were conceived and made in an energetic, optimistic spirit by creators who believed that good design was an essential part of good living.

ORIGINS OF MID-CENTURY MODERN FURNITURE DESIGN

CHARACTERISTICS OF MID-CENTURY MODERN FURNITURE DESIGN

MID-CENTURY MODERN FURNITURE DESIGNERS TO KNOW

ICONIC MID-CENTURY MODERN FURNITURE DESIGNS

VINTAGE MID-CENTURY MODERN FURNITURE ON 1STDIBS

The mid-century modern era saw leagues of postwar American architects and designers animated by new ideas and new technology. The lean, functionalist International-style architecture of Le Corbusier and Bauhaus eminences Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius had been promoted in the United States during the 1930s by Philip Johnson and others. New building techniques, such as “post-and-beam” construction, allowed the International-style schemes to be realized on a small scale in open-plan houses with long walls of glass.

Materials developed for wartime use became available for domestic goods and were incorporated into mid-century modern furniture designs. Charles and Ray Eames and Eero Saarinen, who had experimented extensively with molded plywood, eagerly embraced fiberglass for pieces such as the La Chaise and the Womb chair, respectively. 

Architect, writer and designer George Nelson created with his team shades for the Bubble lamp using a new translucent polymer skin and, as design director at Herman Miller, recruited the Eameses, Alexander Girard and others for projects at the legendary Michigan furniture manufacturer

Harry Bertoia and Isamu Noguchi devised chairs and tables built of wire mesh and wire struts. Materials were repurposed too: The Danish-born designer Jens Risom created a line of chairs using surplus parachute straps for webbed seats and backrests.

The Risom lounge chair was among the first pieces of furniture commissioned and produced by celebrated manufacturer Knoll, a chief influencer in the rise of modern design in the United States, thanks to the work of Florence Knoll, the pioneering architect and designer who made the firm a leader in its field. The seating that Knoll created for office spaces — as well as pieces designed by Florence initially for commercial clients — soon became desirable for the home.

As the demand for casual, uncluttered furnishings grew, more mid-century furniture designers caught the spirit.

Classically oriented creators such as Edward Wormley, house designer for Dunbar Inc., offered such pieces as the sinuous Listen to Me chaise; the British expatriate T.H. Robsjohn-Gibbings switched gears, creating items such as the tiered, biomorphic Mesa table. There were Young Turks such as Paul McCobb, who designed holistic groups of sleek, blond wood furniture, and Milo Baughman, who espoused a West Coast aesthetic in minimalist teak dining tables and lushly upholstered chairs and sofas with angular steel frames.

Generations turn over, and mid-century modern remains arguably the most popular style going. As the collection of vintage mid-century modern chairs, dressers, coffee tables and other furniture for the living room, dining room, bedroom and elsewhere on 1stDibs demonstrates, this period saw one of the most delightful and dramatic flowerings of creativity in design history.

Finding the Right Chandeliers-pendant-lights for You

Chandeliers — simple in form, inspired by candelabras and originally made of wood or iron — first made an appearance in early churches. For those wealthy enough to afford them for their homes in the medieval period, a chandelier's suspended lights likely exuded imminent danger, as lit candles served as the light source for fixtures of the era. Things have thankfully changed since then, and antique chandeliers and pendant lights are popular in many interiors today.

While gas lighting during the late 18th century represented an upgrade for chandeliers — and gas lamps would long inspire Danish architect and pioneering modernist lighting designer Poul Henningsen — it would eventually be replaced with the familiar electric lighting of today.

The key difference between a pendant light and a chandelier is that a pendant incorporates only a single bulb into its design. Don’t mistake this for simplicity, however. An Art Deco–styled homage to Sputnik from Murano glass artisans Giovanni Dalla Fina, with handcrafted decorative elements supported by a chrome frame, is just one stunning example of the elaborate engineering that can be incorporated into every component of a chandelier. (Note: there is more than one lighting fixture that shares its name with the iconic mid-century-era satellite — see Gino Sarfatti’s design too.)

Chandeliers have evolved over time, but their classic elegance has remained unchanged.

Not only will the right chandelier prove impressive in a given room, but it can also offer a certain sense of practicality. These fixtures can easily illuminate an entire space, while their elevated position prevents them from creating glare or straining one’s eyes.

Certain materials, like glass, can complement naturally lit settings without stealing the show. Brass, on the other hand, can introduce an alluring, warm glow. While LEDs have earned a bad reputation for their perceived harsh bluish lights and a loss of brightness over their life span, the right design choices can help harness their lighting potential and create the perfect mood. A careful approach to lighting can transform your room into a peaceful and cozy nook, ideal for napping, reading or working.

For midsize spaces, a wall light or sconce can pull the room together and get the lighting job done. Perforated steel rings underneath five bands of handspun aluminum support a rich diffusion of light within Alvar Aalto's Beehive pendant light, but if you’re looking to brighten a more modest room, perhaps a minimalist solution is what you’re after. The mid-century modern furniture designer Charlotte Perriand devised her CP-1 wall lamps in the 1960s, in which a repositioning of sheet-metal plates can redirect light as needed.

The versatility and variability of these lighting staples mean that, when it comes to finding something like the perfect chandelier, you’ll never be left hanging. From the natural world-inspired designs of the Art Nouveau era to the classic beauty of Paul Ferrante's fixtures, there is a style for every room.

With designs for pendant lights and chandeliers across eras, colors and materials, you’ll never run out of options to explore on 1stDibs — shop a collection today that includes antique Art Deco chandeliers, Stilnovo chandeliers, Baccarat chandeliers and more.