Skip to main content

Shell Cameo Brooch

to
38
304
122
237
196
98
94
55
41
25
19
17
12
11
10
9
9
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
Sort By
Antique Victorian English Gold Shell Cameo Brooch, C 1860
Located in Firenze, IT
A fine English shell cameo from C 1860 depicting an erotic seduction scene (the naked female
Category

Antique 1860s English Victorian Brooches

Materials

Gold

Carved Shell Cameo Brooch with Frame in 18 Karat Yellow Gold
Located in Lucerne, CH
This beautifully handcarved shell cameo depicts a figure in flowing robes, her neck and hair
Category

20th Century Unknown Brooches

Materials

Gold, 18k Gold, Yellow Gold

Gold Victorian Revival Stick Pin Shell Cameo Brooch By Goldette, 1960s
By Goldette
Located in McKinney, TX
plated - Carved shell cameo centerpiece - Victorian Revival motif with pansy, flowers, bees and snake
Category

Vintage 1960s American Modern Brooches

Vintage Shell Cameo Brooch, 10k Yellow Green Rose Gold Convertible Pendant
Located in Greensboro, NC
Information: Carved Shell - Color: Orange & Peach Measurements: 1 3/8" (35.0mm) tall, 1 7/32" (30.7mm) wide
Category

Late 20th Century Unknown Brooches

Materials

Rose Gold

Antique Carved Shell Cameo Brooch Pendant
Located in Palm Desert, CA
Antique 14k Yellow Gold Carved Shell Octagon Bezel Cameo Brooch Pendant with engraved filigree
Category

Vintage 1920s French Pendant Necklaces

Materials

14k Gold, Yellow Gold

Large Victorian 14 Karat Gold and Carved Shell Cameo Brooch of Leda and the Swan
Located in Philadelphia, PA
A very fine vintage carved cameo brooch. Depicting the mythological scene of Leda & the Swan
Category

20th Century Unknown Brooches

Materials

Gold

Victorian Hand-Carved Cameo Brooch or Pendant
Located in Gresham, OR
A lovely , large Victorian hand-carved shell cameo brooch/pendant with 14K gold framework.
Category

Antique 1890s American Victorian Brooches

Materials

14k Gold

Elegant Carved Shell Gold Cameo Brooch
Located in Media, PA
This is a stunning, yet elegant styled carved shell cameo brooch made with 14k yellow gold. It
Category

Early 20th Century Art Deco Brooches

Materials

Gold, 14k Gold, Yellow Gold

Antique 14-Karat Yellow Gold and Carved Shell Cameo Brooch
Located in Hamilton, Ontario
This large antique cameo brooch is presumed to have been made in Italy in approximately the
Category

Early 20th Century Italian Classical Greek Collectible Jewelry

Materials

Gold

Victorian Lady with Lamb Carved Shell Cameo Brooch/Necklace, 1920s
Located in McKinney, TX
2" x 1.5" - 18" gold-filled chain (not original to piece) - Carved shell cameo featuring a woman
Category

Vintage 1920s Unknown Victorian Pendant Necklaces

Antique Madonna Shell Sterling Silver Cameo Brooch Pendant
Located in Mount Kisco, NY
cameo brooch. Artisan framed in toned sterling silver, the Madonna's image has extraordinary fine life
Category

Early 20th Century Italian Brooches

Materials

Sterling Silver

Antique Hand Carved Vintage Shell Portrait Cameo Gold Brooch Pin
Located in Montreal, QC
Simply Beautiful! Elegant and Stylish Antique Natural Carnelian Shell Cameo Brooch depicting a
Category

Early 20th Century Artisan Brooches

Materials

Gold, 18k Gold, Yellow Gold

Antique 10k Yellow Gold "The Artist" Cameo Brooch Pendant
Located in New York, NY
This antique shell cameo brooch, titled "The Artist," features a finely detailed figure captured in
Category

20th Century Brooches

Materials

10k Gold, Yellow Gold

19th Century Italian High Relief Cameo Gold Brooch
Located in Mount Kisco, NY
cameo brooch displays the pose of a Contessa with beautiful flowing hair elegantly adorned with flora
Category

Antique Late 19th Century Italian Brooches

Materials

Gold, 18k Gold

Art Deco Carved Shell Cameo Brooch/Pendant, 14k White Gold En Habille Pin
Located in Greensboro, NC
Deco Era circa 1920's-1930's, this brooch/pendant features a carved shell cameo in a frame of filigreed
Category

Late 20th Century More Jewelry

Materials

White Gold

Antique Cupids Creating Art Cameo with Ornate Vines Frame Brooch
Located in New York, NY
Antique shell cameo brooch, intricately carved and titled “Cupids Creating Art.” The cameo depicts
Category

Antique 19th Century Brooches

Materials

Yellow Gold

Victorian Pink Shell Cameo Cultured Pearls 14 Karat Yellow Gold Brooch
Located in Rotterdam, NL
3.3 cm Weight: 15.06 grams Gorgeous oval-shaped French pink shell cameo brooch with a white female
Category

Antique 19th Century Dutch Victorian Brooches

Materials

Cultured Pearl, 14k Gold, Yellow Gold

Antique 19th C. Italian Cameo in Silver Filagree Setting
Located in New Orleans, LA
An antique late 19th c. Italian beautifully detailed and hand carved shell cameo brooch/pendant
Category

Antique Late 19th Century Italian Late Victorian Collectible Jewelry

Materials

Sterling Silver

Antique Mid To Late 19th Century Italian Cameo
Located in New Orleans, LA
Late Victorian period Italian 800 coin silver hand carved shell cameo brooch or pendant; the right
Category

Antique 1860s Italian Figurative Sculptures

Materials

Silver

Victorian Gold Cameo Shell Brooch
Located in Carmel-by-the-Sea, CA
Extremely fine Victorian shell cameo encased by an 18k yellow gold repousse bezel and containing a
Category

Antique 1830s Brooches

Materials

18k Gold, Yellow Gold

Victorian Shell Gold Cameo Brooch
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Victorian shell and gold cameo brooch circa 1890. The oval shell carving depicting four
Category

Antique 1890s Italian Victorian Brooches

Materials

18k Gold

Antique Shell Cameo with Diamond Accent Brooch Pendant
Located in Mount Kisco, NY
Finely carved shell cameo with a unique hexagon shape romantically portrays a beauty with wispy
Category

Early 20th Century American Brooches

Materials

Diamond, 10k Gold, White Gold

Italian Shell Cameo
Located in New York, NY
Hand carved oversize Shell Cameo with a detail of Adam reaching out to God amidst clouds & Putt
Category

Italian Brooches

Art Deco Shell Cameo Filigree White Gold Brooch Pendant
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Art Deco classical head profile carving shell cameo and filigree white gold brooch pendant circa
Category

Vintage 1930s Art Deco Brooches

Materials

14k Gold, White Gold

Antique 9ct Gold Edwardian Shell Cameo Bird Pendant/Brooch
Located in Brighton, GB
a pretty, shell cameo bird. Can be worn as either a pendant or a brooch- the bail folds down so not
Category

Early 20th Century English Edwardian Brooches

Materials

Gold, 9k Gold

Antique Shell Cameo Gild Mounted Brooch of Roman Goddess Flora
Located in Chesterland, OH
Lovely carved cameo brooch made in the late 19th - early 20th century. It depicts a beautiful
Category

Antique Late 19th Century American Victorian Brooches

Materials

Sterling Silver

Victorian Cameo Man Shell and 14k Yellow Gold Brooch/Pin
Located in Towson, MD
One Victorian-era 14 karat yellow gold and black enamel carved shell cameo pin. Measuring 2.25
Category

Antique 19th Century Unknown Victorian Brooches

Materials

14k Gold, Yellow Gold

Antique Victorian White Gold Cameo and Diamond Shell Brooch Pendant
Located in Wallkill, NY
Shell Cameo set in an ornate 14K White Gold Setting. Has a fine necklace with a Diamond pendant
Category

Antique Early 1900s Unknown Brooches

Materials

Diamond, 14k Gold, White Gold

Antique Shell Cameo Antinous
Located in Chesterland, OH
Antique sardonyx shell cameo circa 1870. The subject is Antinous, the favorite of Emperor Hadrian
Category

Antique 19th Century European Victorian Brooches

Materials

Gold Plate

Victorian 14K Yellow filigree Gold Shell Cushion Shaped Cameo Brooch pendant
Located in Birmingham, AL
This is a RARE, Victorian, Hand carved, Estate 14K Yellow Gold and Shell Cameo! This gorgeous Cameo
Category

Antique Mid-19th Century Unknown Victorian Brooches

Materials

14k Gold

Substantial Buccellati Carved Shell 18 Karat Yellow Gold Poseidon Cameo Brooch
By Buccellati
Located in Philadelphia, PA
Brooch centers a carved shell cameo depicting the Greek gods Poseidon and Hermes. With rearing
Category

Vintage 1960s Italian Contemporary Brooches

Materials

Gold, 18k Gold, Yellow Gold

Victorian 18 Karat Gold Psyche And Cupid Shell Cameo Pin Brooch
Located in Vilnius, Vilniaus apskr.
This is a Victorian oval pin brooch crafted in 18K gold. Circa 1900. The piece features a shell
Category

Early 20th Century Victorian Brooches

Materials

Gold

Victorian 15 Karat Gold Psyche And Cupid Shell Cameo Pin Brooch
Located in Vilnius, Vilniaus apskr.
This is a Victorian oval pin brooch crafted in 15K gold. Circa 1870. The piece features a shell
Category

Antique 19th Century Victorian Brooches

Materials

Gold

Antique Pink Shell Gold Cameo
Located in Chesterland, OH
lovely piece are 31.2 x 25.2 mm (including the frame, excluding the bail), while the shell cameo itself
Category

Early 20th Century European Victorian Brooches

Materials

Gold, 10k Gold

Antique Filigree Carved Shell Cameo 14K White Gold Brooch Pendant with Diamond
Located in New York, NY
Gold Cameo, showcasing a meticulously hand-carved shell cameo portrait adorned with an old-world
Category

Early 20th Century American Art Deco Brooches

Materials

Diamond, Gold, 14k Gold, White Gold

Vintage 3 Graces Hand Carved Shell Cameo Yellow Gold Brooch Pin Pendant
Located in Montreal, QC
Simply Beautiful! Elegant and Stylish Antique Cameo Brooch Pendant depicting The Three Graces
Category

Early 20th Century Neoclassical Brooches

Materials

Carnelian, 10k Gold, Yellow Gold

Yellow Gold Carved Shell Cameo Edwardian Silhouette Brooch, 10k Antique Oval Pin
Located in Greensboro, NC
) Stone Information Genuine Carved Shell Cameo Approximate Size: 37mm x 29.7mm Style: Brooch Fastening
Category

Late 20th Century Unknown Brooches

Materials

Yellow Gold

Carved Shell Diamond Art Deco Cameo Brooch / Pendant, 14k White Gold Vintage
Located in Greensboro, NC
Era: Art Deco Style: Cameo Habille Metal Content: Guaranteed 14k Gold as stamped Stone
Category

Late 20th Century Unknown Brooches

Materials

Diamond, White Gold

Divine Musical Harmony Aphrodite and Cherub Shell Cameo Gold Brooch Pin Pendant
Located in Montreal, QC
Beautiful Carved Shell Cameo Pin/Pendant. Hand carved scene depicting Aphrodite playing a Lyre with
Category

Mid-20th Century Neoclassical Brooches

Materials

Gold, 14k Gold, Yellow Gold

Victorian Left Facing Greek Goddesses Eos And Nyx Shell Cameo Pin Brooch
Located in Vilnius, Vilniaus apskr.
a shell cameo depicting Eos (Greek goddess of Dawn) and Nyx (Greek goddess of night). The frame
Category

Antique 19th Century Victorian Brooches

Floral Cameo Hand-Carved Shell Brooch/Pendant set in 14 Karat Gold
Located in Berkeley, CA
This unique cameo pin/ pendant is a floral motif that is very detailed and well proportioned. The
Category

Mid-20th Century Italian Romantic Brooches

Materials

14k Gold

Antique brooch/pendant. 18k gold with a shell cameo made 1919 in Sweden
Located in Stockholm, SE
This 18 karat gold brooch/pendant is adorned with a shell cameo which features stunning details
Category

Vintage 1910s Swedish Brooches

Materials

18k Gold

Estate Victorian 14 Karat Yellow Gold and Shell Oval Cameo Brooch and Pendant
Located in Birmingham, AL
This is a Rare, Victorian, Hand carved, estate, 14K yellow Gold and Shell Cameo. This cameo is in
Category

Antique Mid-19th Century Unknown Victorian Brooches

Materials

14k Gold

Vintage 14k Gold LARGE Carved 2 Horses Jumping Shell Cameo Pin Brooch Pendant
Located in Montclair, NJ
Here we have an outstanding, large vintage carved shell cameo pin brooch set in a solid 14k yellow
Category

Vintage 1940s Retro Brooches

Materials

14k Gold, Yellow Gold

Enormous Shell Cameo of The Three Graces in Italian 14k Gold Brooch Frame
Located in Palm Beach, FL
This wonderful and intricately carved shell cameo depicts "The Three Graces" in a field of flowers
Category

Mid-20th Century Italian Modern Brooches

Antique Shell White and Cinnamon Cameo in Silver Bezel, Brooch Pin and Pendant
Located in Milford, DE
An exquisite cameo pin/brooch/pendant accessory. Features a two-tone cameo with a Victorian female
Category

Early 20th Century Victorian Brooches

Materials

Sterling Silver

Hand Carved Shell Cameo Gold Art Deco Style Brooch Pin Pendant Fine Jewelry
Located in Montreal, QC
Simply Beautiful! Elegant and Stylish Shell Cameo Pin depicting a Beautiful Young Lady. Beautifully
Category

Mid-20th Century Art Deco Brooches

Materials

Gold, 14k Gold, White Gold

“Day-to-Night Lovers” Shell Cameo
Located in Carmel-by-the-Sea, CA
A 14 karat yellow gold border outlines the story of two lovers, their bond continuing from day to evening. Note the arrows in his quiver, the sun, moon and stars and wise owl. This p...
Category

Antique 1880s Victorian Brooches

Materials

14k Gold

Art Deco Shell Cameo Gold Pin Pendant
Located in Montreal, QC
Superb c1930s Shell Cameo Pin depicting a Beautiful Young Woman posing a striking a Romantic pose
Category

Vintage 1930s Art Deco Brooches

Materials

14k Gold

Antique Two Ladies and Eagle Loose Shell Cameo
Located in New York, NY
A loose shell cameo depicting “Two Ladies and Eagle,” intricately hand-carved with fine detail that
Category

20th Century Brooches

Carved Shell Cameo 14KT Gold Filigree Pin Pendant Italy
Located in Berkeley, CA
This stunning cameo is a perfect compliment to your collection of beautiful jewelry.. Hand carved
Category

Vintage 1910s Italian Edwardian Brooches

Materials

14k Gold

Hand Carved Shell Portrait Cameo Yellow Gold Pin Pendant Estate Fine Jewelry
Located in Montreal, QC
Awesome Antique Cameo Brooch Pendant depicting 2 Beautiful Young Ladies. Beautifully Hand Carved in
Category

Mid-20th Century Art Deco Brooches

Materials

14k Gold, Yellow Gold

Estate Victorian Carved Conch Shell Cameo with 10 Karat Yellow Gold Bezel
Located in Birmingham, AL
This is a Rare, Victorian, hand carved, Estate Cameo. Hand Carved Conch Shell, Gorgeous Profile of
Category

Antique Mid-19th Century Unknown Victorian Brooches

Materials

10k Gold

Antique Victorian 15ct Gold Carved Shell Cameo with Figural Lady Head - c.1890
Located in London, GB
We are delighted to offer this beautiful 15ct gold Victorian shell cameo made c.1890. The cameo
Category

Antique 19th Century Victorian Brooches

Materials

Gold

Victorian Three Color Hand Carved Shell Cameo in 10 Karat Gold Engraved Frame
Located in Lexington, KY
This is a breathtaking original Victorian hand-carved 3 color shell cameo in 10k yellow gold. The
Category

Antique 1890s Victorian Brooches

Materials

10k Gold

Madonna and Child Guardian Angel Cameo Brooch Pin Gold Antique Victorian Rare
Located in New York, NY
This is an absolutely stunning and very rare antique Victorian - Belle Epoque Shell Cameo Pendant
Category

Antique 19th Century Italian Victorian Brooches

Materials

Gold, 10k Gold, Yellow Gold

Art Deco Three Color Hand Carved Shell Cameo in 14 Karat Yellow Gold Pin Pendant
Located in Lexington, KY
This remarkable cameo from the roaring twenties boasts three colors of gorgeous hand-carved shell
Category

Vintage 1920s Art Deco Brooches

Materials

14k Gold, Yellow Gold

  • 1
Get Updated with New Arrivals
Save "Shell Cameo Brooch", and we’ll notify you when there are new listings in this category.

Shell Cameo Brooch For Sale on 1stDibs

On 1stDibs, you can find the most appropriate shell cameo brooch for your needs in our varied inventory. Each design created in this style — which was crafted with great care and often made from Gold, 14k Gold and Yellow Gold — can elevate any look. You can easily find a 144 antique edition and 5 modern creations to choose from as well. You’re likely to find the perfect shell cameo brooch among the distinctive items we have available, which includes versions made as long ago as the 19th Century as well as those produced as recently as the 21st Century. Creating a shell cameo brooch has been a part of the legacy of many jewelers, but those produced by Cameo Italiano - Diluca S.R.L and John Brogden are consistently popular. A shell cameo brooch can be a stylish choice for most occasions, but Diamond rings, from our inventory of 7, can add a particularly distinctive touch to your look, day or night. A round cut version of this piece has appeal, but there are also oval cut and old european cut versions for sale. When shopping for a shell cameo brooch, you’ll find that there are less available pieces for unisex or men today than there are for women.

How Much is a Shell Cameo Brooch?

Prices for a shell cameo brooch can differ depending upon size, time period and other attributes — at 1stDibs, these accessories begin at $135 and can go as high as $21,632, while this accessory, on average, fetches $1,555.

Why Gold Shines in Jewelry Craftsmanship

Gold is the feel-good metal, the serotonin of jewelry. Wear vintage and antique gold necklaces, watches, gold bracelets or gold rings and you feel happy, you feel dressed, you feel, well, yourself. 

Gold, especially yellow gold, with its rich patina and ancient pedigree going back thousands of years, is the steady standby, the well-mannered metal of choice. Any discussion of this lustrous metal comes down to a basic truth: Gold is elementary, my dear. Gold jewelry that couples the mystique of the metal with superb design and craftsmanship achieves the status of an enduring classic. Many luxury houses have given us some of our most treasured and lasting examples of gold jewelry over the years.

Since its founding, in 1837, Tiffany Co. has built its reputation on its company jewelry as well as its coterie of boutique designers, which has included Jean Schlumberger, Donald Claflin, Angela Cummings and Elsa Peretti. There are numerous gold Tiffany classics worth citing. Some are accented with gemstones, but all stand out for their design and the workmanship displayed.

For the woman who prefers a minimalist look, the Tiffany Co. twist bangle (thin, slightly ovoid) is stylishly simple. For Cummings devotees, signature pieces feature hard stone inlay, such as her pairs of gold ear clips inlaid with black jade (a play on the classic Chanel black and tan), or bangles whose design recalls ocean waves, with undulating lines of lapis lazuli and mother-of-pearl. And just about any design by the great Jean Schlumberger is by definition a classic.

Even had he eschewed stones and diamonds, Southern-born David Webb would be hailed for the vast arsenal of heavy gold jewelry he designed. Gold, usually hammered or textured in some manner, defines great David Webb jewelry. The self-taught jeweler made very au courant pieces while drawing inspiration from ancient and out-of-the-way sources — East meets West in the commanding gold necklaces made by Webb in the early 1970s. The same could be said for his endlessly varied gold cuffs.

In Europe, many houses have given us gold jewelry that sets the highest standard for excellence, pieces that were highly sought after when they were made and continue to be so. 

Numerous designs from Cartier are homages to gold. There are the classic Trinity rings, necklaces and bracelets — trifectas of yellow, white and rose gold. As a testament to the power of love, consider the endurance of the Cartier Love bracelet.

Aldo Cipullo, Cartier’s top in-house designer from the late 1960s into the early ’70s, made history in 1969 with the Love bracelet. Cipullo frequently said that the Love bracelet was born of a sleepless night contemplating a love affair gone wrong and his realization that “the only remnants he possessed of the romance were memories.” He distilled the urge to keep a loved one close into a slim 18-karat gold bangle. 

BVLGARI and its coin jewelry, gemme nummarie, hit the jackpot when the line launched in the 1960s. The line has been perennially popular. BVLGARI coin jewelry features ancient Greek and Roman coins embedded in striking gold mounts, usually hung on thick link necklaces of varying lengths. In the 1970s, BVLGARI introduced the Tubogas line, most often made in yellow gold. The Tubogas watches are classics, and then there is the Serpenti, the house's outstanding snake-themed watches and bracelets.

A collection called Monete that incorporated the gold coins is one of several iconic BVLGARI lines that debuted in the 1970s and ’80s, catering to a new generation of empowered women. Just as designers like Halston and Yves Saint Laurent were popularizing fuss-free ready-to-wear fashion for women on the go, BVLGARI offered jewels to be lived in

Since Van Cleef Arpels opened its Place Vendôme doors in 1906, collection after collection of jewelry classics have enchanted the public. As predominantly expressed in a honeycomb of gold, there is the Ludo watch and accessories, circa the 1920s, and the golden Zip necklace, 1951, whose ingenious transformation of the traditional zipper was originally proposed by the Duchess of Windsor. Van Cleef's Alhambra, with its Moroccan motif, was introduced in 1968 and from the start its popularity pivoted on royalty and celebrity status. It remains one of VCA’s most popular and collected styles.

Mention must be made of Buccellati, whose name is synonymous with gold so finely spun that it suggests tapestry. The house’s many gold bracelets, typically embellished with a few or many diamonds, signified taste and distinction and are always in favor on the secondary market. Other important mid-20th-century houses known for their gold-themed jewelry include Hermès and Ilias Lalaounis.

Find a stunning collection of vintage and antique gold jewelry on 1stDibs.

Finding the Right Brooches for You

Vintage brooches, which refer to decorative jewelry traditionally pinned to garments and used to fasten pieces of clothing together where needed, have seen increasing popularity in recent years.

While jewelry trends come and go, brooches are indeed back on the radar thanks to fashion houses like GucciVersaceDior and Saint Laurent, all of which feature fun pinnable designs in their current collections. Whether a dazzlingly naturalistic Art Nouveau dragonfly, a whimsical David Webb animal, a gem-studded bloom or a streamlined abstract design, these jewels add color and sparkle to your look and a spring to your step. 

Given their long history, brooches have expectedly taken on a variety of different shapes and forms over time, with jewelers turning to assorted methods of ornamentation for these accessories, including enameling and the integration of pearls and gemstones. Cameo brooches that originated during the Victorian age are characterized by a shell carved in raised relief that feature portraits of a woman’s profile, while 19th-century micromosaic brooches, comprising innumerable individually placed glass fragments, sometimes feature miniature depictions of a pastoral scene in daily Roman life.

At one time, brooches were symbols of wealth, made primarily from the finest metals and showcasing exquisite precious gemstones. Today, these jewels are inclusive and universal, and you don’t have to travel very far to find an admirer of brooches. They can be richly geometric in form, such as the ornate diamond pins dating from the Art Deco era, or designer-specific, such as the celebrated naturalistic works created by Tiffany Co., the milk glass and gold confections crafted by Trifari or handmade vintage Chanel brooches of silk or laminated sheer fabric. Chanel, of course, has never abandoned this style, producing gorgeously baroque CC examples since the 1980s.

Brooches are versatile and adaptable. These decorative accessories can be worn in your hair, on hats, scarves and on the lower point of V-neck clothing. Pin a dazzling brooch to the lapel of your blazer-and-tee combo or add a cluster of smaller pins to your overcoat. And while brooches have their place in “mourning jewelry,” in that a mourning brooch is representative of your connection to a lost loved one, they’re widely seen as romantic and symbolic of love, so much so that a hardcore brooch enthusiast might advocate for brooches to be worn over the heart.

Today, find a wide variety of antique and vintage brooches for sale on 1stDibs, including gold brooches, sapphire brooches and more.

Questions About Shell Cameo Brooch
  • 1stDibs ExpertApril 5, 2022
    To tell how old a cameo brooch is for certain, you usually need to consult a licensed jewelry appraiser. This is because many authentic pieces do not have marks, and there are many modern reproductions that resemble the antique jewelry. Find a selection of expertly vetted antique cameo brooches on 1stDibs.