Question 1

How much is an original oil painting worth?

Accepted Answer

The%20cost%20of%20an%20original%20oil%20painting%20has%20a%20very%20wide%20range.%20For%20emerging%20new%20artist%20could%20be%20in%20the%20lower%20end%2C%20ranging%20from%20the%20%24500%20to%20%2410%2C000%20depending%20on%20the%20size%20and%20subject%20matter%2C%20for%20the%20mid-career%20artists%20who%20are%20already%20established%2C%20their%20prices%20range%20in%20the%20thousands%20and%20hundreds%20of%20thousands%20of%20dollars%20and%20lastly%20the%20original%20oil%20painting%20art%20of%20very%20established%20and%20popular%20artists%20that%20could%20have%20auction%20records%20in%20the%20millions%20of%20dollars.%20In%20this%20category%20are%20some%20of%20the%20well%20known%20examples%20of%20the%20old%20master%20paintings%20and%20other%20contemporary%20artworks.

Question 2

What was the main theme of Western painting?

Accepted Answer

There is much debate about what the main theme of Western painting is. Some art historians state that the theme is the representation of the human form. However, others argue that it is more about how artists perceive the world and choose to present it. Early Western art typically had religious or mythological themes. You'll find a large collection of Western paintings on 1stDibs.

Question 3

What is abstract oil painting?

Accepted Answer

An%20abstract%20oil%20painting%20and%20an%20artwork%20that%20is%20made%20with%20oil%20paint%20on%20a%20medium%20like%20canvas%2C%20wood%20board%2C%20or%20other%20panels%20like%20canvas%20board.%20And%20the%20'abstract'%20term%20refers%20to%20the%20Movement%20%26%20Style%20of%20the%20piece.%20As%20abstraction%20indicates%20a%20departure%20from%20reality%20in%20the%20depiction%20of%20imagery%20in%20art%2C%20the%20artist%20creates%20a%20painting%20where%20the%20subject%2C%20shape%2C%20form%2C%20color%2C%20and%20line%2C%20is%20created%20with%20no%20particular%20references%20of%20the%20world%20but%20as%20a%20composition%20that%20may%20exist%20with%20a%20degree%20of%20independence%20from%20its%20vision.

Question 4

How do you maintain oil paintings?

Accepted Answer

To maintain oil paintings that you purchased for your home, experts suggest that you keep them out of direct sunlight. Prolonged exposure to the sunlight coming in from a window can fade the colors in your painting. Do not hang your oil painting near a heat source or where it can get wet (bathrooms and kitchens are not safe for your oil painting).

You may wish to dust your oil painting so that layers of dust don’t begin to gather on its surface. This should only be considered to remove loose dust. Never spray any chemical substance on your oil painting. Do not use a damp cloth to dust your oil painting. (Again, your painting should not be exposed to moisture.)

To remove loose dust, use a soft brush that measures approximately one to two inches wide with natural-hair bristles. Do not use a dust cloth or a feather duster, as those items may catch or leave threads or feathers behind. Do not apply pressure or dust your painting for an extended period of time.

If you think that your oil painting is considerably dirty or believe that other issues may be at work, experts strongly suggest that you consult with a professional conservator.

Read about how to arrange your wall art and find oil paintings for sale on 1stDibs.

Question 5

What is the difference between Eastern and Western landscape paintings?

Accepted Answer

The difference between Eastern and Western landscape paintings is traditionally in how artists seek to represent natural settings. Over hundreds of years, Western artists strived to make landscape paintings more realistic by incorporating techniques like linear and atmospheric perspective. In the East, landscape artists focused more on showing the rich details that give natural environments their beauty rather than on making their works appear three-dimensional through perspective. On 1stDibs, shop a wide range of landscape paintings.

Question 6

How do I identify an oil painting?

Accepted Answer

To identify an oil painting, look closely at its surface. Compared to other paintings, pieces produced in oils usually show off a variety of textures across the canvas, and the paint will appear layered on. If you're looking to determine the name, age or creator of a work, try snapping a photo with your smartphone’s camera and conducting a reverse image search online. Shop a diverse assortment of oil paintings on 1stDibs.

Question 7

Who is the father of oil painting?

Accepted Answer

Jan van Eyck is widely considered by art historians to be the father of oil painting. While the usage of oil paints dates back to 7th-century China, the Flemish painter popularized the material, using oils to produce highly detailed works such as The Arnolfini Portrait. The Northern Renaissance master also influenced many other artists, such as Hugo van der Goes and Gerard David. Shop an assortment of fine art on 1stDibs.

Question 8

When was oil paint invented?

Accepted Answer

Oil paint was invented during the 7th century A.D. The earliest examples of oil paintings have been traced to Afghanistan and depict scenes related to the Buddhist religion. Records dating back to the 12th century indicate that early Christian monks in Europe used oil paints to decorate furniture, and a century later, some artists began finishing tempera paintings with touches of oil paint. It wasn't until the 15th century that oil paints became a common medium for European painters, when Flemish artists like Jan van Eyck began favoring them over tempera. Explore a variety of oil paintings on 1stDibs.

Question 9

What makes an oil painting valuable?

Accepted Answer

A few things make an oil painting valuable. Age has a major impact on price, with pieces made over a century ago tending to fetch the highest prices. Who created the painting also matters. The more famous the artist, the higher the selling price for a painting is likely to be. Finally, the condition of the work and whether it is in its original frame will also impact how much it is worth. Find a diverse assortment of oil paintings on 1stDibs.

Question 10

What is the difference between a lithograph and an oil painting?

Accepted Answer

The difference between a lithograph and an oil painting comes down to uniqueness and technique. To produce an oil painting, an artist applies oil-based paints to a canvas or another surface using a brush. The process results in a single work of art. Lithography is a form of printmaking that begins by drawing on or painting on a stone surface with an oil-based substance, such as a greasy crayon or tusche, an oily wash. The stone is then covered with water, which is repelled by the oily areas. Oil-based ink is then applied to the wet stone, adhering only to the oily image. Through lithography, an artist can produce dozens, or even thousands, of copies of a single image. On 1stDibs, shop a large selection of lithographs and oil paintings.

Question 11

Does sunlight affect oil paintings?

Accepted Answer

Yes, sunlight affects oil paintings. Keep your oil paintings away from direct sunlight.

To maintain oil paintings that you purchased for your home, experts suggest that you keep them out of sunlight. Prolonged exposure to the sunlight coming in from a window can fade the colors in your painting. Do not hang your oil painting near a heat source or where it can get wet (bathrooms and kitchens are not safe for your oil painting).

You may wish to dust your oil painting so that layers of dust don’t begin to gather on its surface. This should only be considered to remove loose dust. Never spray any chemical substance on your oil painting. Do not use a damp cloth to dust your oil painting. (Again, your painting should not be exposed to moisture.)

To remove loose dust, use a soft brush that measures approximately one to two inches wide with natural-hair bristles. Do not use a dust cloth or a feather duster, as those items may catch or leave threads or feathers behind. Do not apply pressure or dust your painting for an extended period of time.

If you think that your oil painting is considerably dirty or believe that other issues may be at work, experts strongly suggest that you consult with a professional conservator.

Read about how to arrange your wall art and find oil paintings for sale on 1stDibs.

Question 12

How can I tell if an oil painting is real?

Accepted Answer

To tell if your oil painting is authentic, first check the signature of the artist to start your research. Use a magnifying glass to check the texture of the painting, and finally check the back for the painting’s original stretchers. Shop a selection of expertly vetted artwork from some of the world’s top art dealers on 1stDibs.

Question 13

How do you know if an oil painting is valuable?

Accepted Answer

Because the value of an oil painting can vary greatly based on the artist, the subject and the condition of the piece, it's generally best to work with a certified appraiser. A knowledgeable professional can evaluate the piece and estimate its value. Shop a variety of authentic oil paintings from some of the world’s top galleries on 1stDibs.

Question 14

How much are oil paintings worth?

Accepted Answer

Any%20artwork%20is%20worth%20and%20only%20worth%20the%20price%20someone%20is%20willing%20to%20pay%20for%20it%20(unfortunately%2C%20whether%20one%20can%20afford%20it%20or%20not%20is%20another%20story).%20%20Different%20people%20may%20have%20different%20reasons%20to%20attribute%20value%20to%20an%20artwork%2C%20from%20the%20purest%20(falling%20in%20love%20with%20it)%20to%20what%20is%20often%20considered%20as%20the%20most%20vile%20(speculation)%2C%20going%20through%20remembrance%2C%20pride%20of%20ownership%2C%20or%20brag%2C%20among%20other%20reasons.%0A%0AFor%20most%20living%20artists%2C%20the%20price%20of%20the%20artworks%20is%20usually%20set%20by%20the%20artist%20and%2For%20the%20gallery%20which%20represent%20him%20or%20her%2C%20by%20type%20and%20size%20of%20artwork%2C%20and%20corresponds%20to%20an%20equilibrium%20price%20between%20the%20rate%20at%20which%20artworks%20are%20sold%20and%20the%20rate%20at%20which%20new%20artworks%20are%20produced%20by%20the%20artist.%0A%0AFor%20artworks%20from%20dead%20artists%20sold%20by%20professional%20dealers%2C%20the%20price%20is%20often%20based%20on%20auctions%20results%20for%20similar%20pieces%20of%20the%20same%20artists.%0A%0AOil%20paintings%20are%20usually%20pricier%20than%20other%20techniques%20because%20it%20is%20considered%20more%20difficult%20to%20master%2C%20but%20also%20because%20oil%20paintings%20are%20known%20for%20their%20ability%20to%20last%20centuries.

Question 15

How much do oil paintings cost?

Accepted Answer

On 1stdibs, oil paintings cost between $60 and $6,200,000.

Question 16

How do I find an artist of oil paintings?

Accepted Answer

The best place to find oil paintings and discover new artists is at local art galleries. There are also many online art dealers who provide information about artists and sell their works. On 1stDibs, you’ll discover a variety of art styles from master oil painters.

Question 17

How do I find the artist of an oil painting?

Accepted Answer

To find the artist of an oil painting, look on the back of the canvas. Sometimes, you will find the artist’s name and the year of production on the back. If the canvas is in a frame, gently peel away the paper covering the back to access the canvas. In the event you cannot find any identifying information, seek the help of a licensed art appraiser. Shop a selection of oil paintings on 1stDibs.

Question 18

Do oil paintings darken over time?

Accepted Answer

Yes, oil paintings darken over time. As oil paint is made of pigment particles, the range of substances that are used as pigment in oil paint can render certain colors susceptible to aging. Slowing the aging process for an oil painting involves storing your painting properly and keeping the work out of exposed sunlight. Temperature control and humidity are also important in preserving the life of an oil painting and slowing the aging process.

To maintain oil paintings that you purchased for your home, experts suggest that you keep them out of direct sunlight. Prolonged exposure to the sunlight coming in from a window can fade the colors in your painting. Do not hang your oil painting near a heat source or where it can get wet (bathrooms and kitchens are not safe for your oil painting).

You may wish to dust your oil painting so that layers of dust don’t begin to gather on its surface. This should only be considered to remove loose dust. Never spray any chemical substance on your oil painting. Do not use a damp cloth to dust your oil painting. (Again, your painting should not be exposed to moisture.)

To remove loose dust, use a soft brush that measures approximately one to two inches wide with natural-hair bristles. Do not use a dust cloth or a feather duster, as those items may catch or leave threads or feathers behind. Do not apply pressure or dust your painting for an extended period of time.

If you think that your oil painting is considerably dirty or believe that other issues may be at work, experts strongly suggest that you consult with a professional conservator.

Read about how to arrange your wall art and find oil paintings for sale on 1stDibs.

Question 19

Can you use oil paint on wood?

Accepted Answer

You can use oil paint on wood as long as you prep the wood first. The first thing you should do is seal the wood with a primer. Ideally, paint two coats of sealer onto the wood so that the paint doesn't cause the wood to rot over time.

Question 20

Did Dali use oil paint?

Accepted Answer

Yes, Dali did indeed use oil paint. Although he used oil paints in the traditional method, he would at times add natural resin or linseed oil to play with fluidity and texture. You can shop a selection of Salvador Dali’s pieces from some of the world’s top art dealers on 1stDibs.

Question 21

How can you tell how old an oil painting is?

Accepted Answer

To tell how old an oil painting is, research the artist who produced it. You can use the mobile app Smartify to snap a photo of the signature on your painting and identify the artist. Read biographical information about the artist online and look at images of their work to estimate the age of your piece. Alternatively, you can get the opinion of a knowledgeable art dealer or certified appraiser. Explore a wide variety of oil paintings on 1stDibs.

Western Oil Painting

2010s Realist Landscape Paintings

Michael Magrin"Healing Promise" by Michael Magrin, Oil Painting, CO Landscape, 2024

1970s Impressionist Landscape Paintings

James Boren"CAREFREE" WESTERN, COWBOYS, HORSES, CATTLE, PRICKLY PEAR CACTUS (1921-1990), Dated 1974

2010s American Realist Figurative Paintings

Rudolf KosowFilm Still #2 (portrait, western movie, cowboy, Hat, shadow, monochrome art), 2025

2010s Contemporary Figurative Paintings

Jesse BlackDesert Heartbreaker - Figurative Colorful Western Pinup Cowgirl Mixed Media Art, 2025

2010s American Realist Figurative Paintings

Rudolf KosowFilm Still #1 (portrait, western movie, cowboy, Hat, shadow, monochrome art), 2025

2010s American Realist Figurative Paintings

Rudolf KosowFilm Still #3 (portrait, western movie, cowboy, Hat, shadow, monochrome art), 2025

2010s Realist Landscape Paintings

Michael Magrin"Colorado Sunset" by Michael Magrin, Oil Painting, CO Landscape, 2024

2010s Realist Landscape Paintings

Michael Magrin"Distant Rains" by Michael Magrin, Oil Painting, CO Landscape, 2024

2010s Realist Landscape Paintings

Michael Magrin"Southern Colorado Skies" by Michael Magrin, Landscape Oil Painting, 2024

1970s American Realist Figurative Paintings

Jimmy AbeitaAmerican New Mexico NAVAJO Realist South Western Portrait American Indian Man, 1980’s

20th Century Impressionist Landscape Paintings

Ross Stefan"JUST ENOUGH SHADE" ARIZONA ARTIST ROSS STEFAN (1934-1999) WESTERN HORSES MORE, 20th century

1940s American Modern Landscape Paintings

Frank WilcoxRiders Through the Canyon, Mid-Century Western Landscape, Cleveland School, c. 1941

1970s Impressionist Landscape Paintings

Martin GrelleMARTIN GRELLE "Night Stop", WESTERN HORSES SHACK NOCTURNAL 24 x 36 CANVAS, 1978

Early 2000s Impressionist Landscape Paintings

Matt SmithThe Granite Wave, landscape of western desert scene with mountains, 2000

2010s Realist Landscape Paintings

Michael Magrin"O Precious Thought" by Michael Magrin, Oil Painting, CO Landscape, 2024

1970s Impressionist Landscape Paintings

Wayne Wolfe Mt. Rundle, Canada , Alberta, Prix de West, National Academy of Western Art, 1979

1970s American Impressionist Landscape Paintings

Charles DamrowNative American Nature Village Community Western 1970 s Animals Seasons Signed, 1978

2010s American Realist Figurative Paintings

Rudolf KosowFilm Still #4 (portrait, western movie, cowboy, Hat, shadow, monochrome art), 2025

1970s Impressionist Animal Paintings

G. Harvey"A Winter Stop-Over" Western Stagecoach Snow Scene G. Harvey In 1970 Calendar, Dated 1970

20th Century American Realist Landscape Paintings

William Thrasher"Winter Landscape with Cabin" Nature Western Snow Holiday Hills Mountains Pond

1920s American Impressionist Figurative Paintings

Will Foote"View of Arizona Desert near Wickenberg" Will Foote, Impressionist Western Scene, circa 1927

21st Century and Contemporary Abstract Impressionist Animal Paintings

Brian Keith Stephens"Looks Like Sun" Original Buffalo Art by Brian Keith Stephens, Western Landscape, 2024

1980s Impressionist Landscape Paintings

Gary Niblett"A FINE WELCOME" WESTERN COWBOY ARTISTS OF AMERICA 38 X 50 FRAMED NOCTURNAL

20th Century Animal Paintings

Barbara Garvin"Cold Saddle Sunset" Snowy Western Scene with Horses Barn Windmill Country Farm

Early 2000s Impressionist Landscape Paintings

G. HarveyG. Harvey "The New Filly" Western Snow Scene, Cowboys, Horses 36 x 42 framed, 1975

1990s Impressionist Animal Paintings

G. Harvey"Gift of Rain" COWBOYS WESTERN SAGUARO CACTUS DESERT SCENE G. Harvey (1933-2017), Circa 1990s

2010s Realist Landscape Paintings

Michael Magrin"Moonrise Over the South Platte" by Michael Magrin, Oil Painting, CO Landscape, 2024

1920s Figurative Paintings

Frank Schoonover"He Had Found His Quarry–Now the Question Was–What To Do" Western Illustration, 1926

2010s Realist Landscape Paintings

Michael Magrin"Moonrise Over the South Platte" by Michael Magrin, Oil Painting, CO Landscape, 2024

1950s Modern Still-life Paintings

Clifford Holmes Summer Bouquet , Society of Western Artists, De Young Museum, Oakland Museum

1990s Impressionist Landscape Paintings

Melvin Warren"TRAIL TO EAGLE NEST" WESTERN SNOW COWBOY ARTISTS OF AMERICA NICE! FRAME 32 X 46, 1987

1940s Impressionist Landscape Paintings

Fred Darge"Down By The Rio Grande" Texas Cowboy Western Dallas Artist Fred Darge 1900-1978, Circa 1940s

1970s Impressionist Landscape Paintings

Lester Huges"LOST AND FOUND" CATTLE STRAYS IN WEST TEXAS. WESTERN COWBOY COWS. FRAME 30 X 42, Circa 1970s

Mid-20th Century American Paintings

"Beaver Pond" Original Oil Painting by Ace Powell

Mid-20th Century American Paintings

"Chasing the Blackfeet" Original Oil Painting by Ace Powell

1980s Realist Figurative Drawings and Watercolors

Mark BeardWestern Panorama with Sculpture of Native American Warrior, 1982

Mid-20th Century American Paintings

"End of the Run" Original Oil Painting by Ace Powell

1930s American Impressionist Landscape Drawings and Watercolors

Elsie Haddon Haynes“Silver Plume, Colorado” – Early 20th-Century Western Mountain Landscape, circa 1940

Mid-20th Century American Paintings

"Keep Out, This Means You" Original Oil Painting by Ace Powell

1940s American Modern Landscape Drawings and Watercolors

Michael Magrin
"Healing Promise" by Michael Magrin, Oil Painting, CO Landscape, 2024

James Boren
"CAREFREE" WESTERN, COWBOYS, HORSES, CATTLE, PRICKLY PEAR CACTUS (1921-1990), Dated 1974

Rudolf Kosow
Film Still #2 (portrait, western movie, cowboy, Hat, shadow, monochrome art), 2025

Jesse Black
Desert Heartbreaker - Figurative Colorful Western Pinup Cowgirl Mixed Media Art, 2025

Rudolf Kosow
Film Still #1 (portrait, western movie, cowboy, Hat, shadow, monochrome art), 2025

Rudolf Kosow
Film Still #3 (portrait, western movie, cowboy, Hat, shadow, monochrome art), 2025

Michael Magrin
"Colorado Sunset" by Michael Magrin, Oil Painting, CO Landscape, 2024

Michael Magrin
"Distant Rains" by Michael Magrin, Oil Painting, CO Landscape, 2024

Michael Magrin
"Southern Colorado Skies" by Michael Magrin, Landscape Oil Painting, 2024

Jimmy Abeita
American New Mexico NAVAJO Realist South Western Portrait American Indian Man, 1980’s

Ross Stefan
"JUST ENOUGH SHADE" ARIZONA ARTIST ROSS STEFAN (1934-1999) WESTERN HORSES MORE, 20th century

Frank Wilcox
Riders Through the Canyon, Mid-Century Western Landscape, Cleveland School, c. 1941

Martin Grelle
MARTIN GRELLE "Night Stop", WESTERN HORSES SHACK NOCTURNAL 24 x 36 CANVAS, 1978

Matt Smith
The Granite Wave, landscape of western desert scene with mountains, 2000

Michael Magrin
"O Precious Thought" by Michael Magrin, Oil Painting, CO Landscape, 2024

Wayne Wolfe
Mt. Rundle, Canada , Alberta, Prix de West, National Academy of Western Art, 1979

Charles Damrow
Native American Nature Village Community Western 1970 s Animals Seasons Signed, 1978

Rudolf Kosow
Film Still #4 (portrait, western movie, cowboy, Hat, shadow, monochrome art), 2025

G. Harvey
"A Winter Stop-Over" Western Stagecoach Snow Scene G. Harvey In 1970 Calendar, Dated 1970

William Thrasher
"Winter Landscape with Cabin" Nature Western Snow Holiday Hills Mountains Pond

Will Foote
"View of Arizona Desert near Wickenberg" Will Foote, Impressionist Western Scene, circa 1927

Brian Keith Stephens
"Looks Like Sun" Original Buffalo Art by Brian Keith Stephens, Western Landscape, 2024

Gary Niblett
"A FINE WELCOME" WESTERN COWBOY ARTISTS OF AMERICA 38 X 50 FRAMED NOCTURNAL

Barbara Garvin
"Cold Saddle Sunset" Snowy Western Scene with Horses Barn Windmill Country Farm

G. Harvey
G. Harvey "The New Filly" Western Snow Scene, Cowboys, Horses 36 x 42 framed, 1975

G. Harvey
"Gift of Rain" COWBOYS WESTERN SAGUARO CACTUS DESERT SCENE G. Harvey (1933-2017), Circa 1990s

Michael Magrin
"Moonrise Over the South Platte" by Michael Magrin, Oil Painting, CO Landscape, 2024

Frank Schoonover
"He Had Found His Quarry–Now the Question Was–What To Do" Western Illustration, 1926

Michael Magrin
"Moonrise Over the South Platte" by Michael Magrin, Oil Painting, CO Landscape, 2024

Clifford Holmes
Summer Bouquet , Society of Western Artists, De Young Museum, Oakland Museum

Melvin Warren
"TRAIL TO EAGLE NEST" WESTERN SNOW COWBOY ARTISTS OF AMERICA NICE! FRAME 32 X 46, 1987

Fred Darge
"Down By The Rio Grande" Texas Cowboy Western Dallas Artist Fred Darge 1900-1978, Circa 1940s

Lester Huges
"LOST AND FOUND" CATTLE STRAYS IN WEST TEXAS. WESTERN COWBOY COWS. FRAME 30 X 42, Circa 1970s

Mark Beard
Western Panorama with Sculpture of Native American Warrior, 1982

Elsie Haddon Haynes
“Silver Plume, Colorado” – Early 20th-Century Western Mountain Landscape, circa 1940

Frank Wilcox
Oxen and Mule Drawn Wagon on the Trail Western Landscape, 1949

Zhou Peng
"Seen and Unseen #6749" - Contemporary Still Life Photography - Zao Wou-Ki, 2018

Zhou Peng
"The Clash Within Harmony #12591" - Contemporary Photography - Zao Wou-Ki, 2018

Zhou Peng
"Experimental No. 2 #6964" - Contemporary Abstract Photography - Zao Wou-Ki, 2020

Zhou Peng
"The Truths #6032" - Contemporary Abstract Photography - Zao Wou-Ki, 2020

Zhou Peng
"The Truths #9783" - Contemporary Abstract Photography - Zao Wou-Ki, 2018

Zhou Peng
"The Truths #9978" - Contemporary Abstract Photography - Zao Wou-Ki, 2018

Zhou Peng
"Inwardness #11082021" - digital mixed media photography - Zao Wou-Ki, 2021

Zhou Peng
"Out of Siege #1829" - Figurative Black and White Photography - Zao Wou-Ki, 2012

Zhou Peng
"Out of Siege #1583" - Figurative Black and White Photography - Zao Wou-Ki, 2012

Zhou Peng
"Out of Siege #1579" - Figurative Black and White Photography - Zao Wou-Ki, 2012

Zhou Peng
"Seen and Unseen #3979" - Contemporary Still Life Photography - Zao Wou-Ki, 2018

Zhou Peng
"Out of Siege #1390" - Figurative Black and White Photography - Zao Wou-Ki, 2012

Zhou Peng
"Out of Siege #1729" - Figurative Black and White Photography - Zao Wou-Ki, 2012

Zhou Peng
"Seen and Unseen #3798" - Contemporary Still Life Photography - Zao Wou-Ki, 2018

Zhou Peng
"Out of Siege #1669" - Figurative Black and White Photography - Zao Wou-Ki, 2012

Zhou Peng
"Seen and Unseen #4006" - Contemporary Still Life Photography - Zao Wou-Ki, 2018