Skip to main content

Scagliola Furniture

to
24
147
55
105
99
70
19
13
9
5
5
5
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
19
59
21
105
4
7
7
2
1
1
1
3
1
204
357,576
296,419
226,245
150,748
192
133
28
14
14
204
163
187
67
17
14
3
1
Material: Scagliola
Oval Painting Black Floral Inlay and Gold Leaf Handmade by Cupioli Italy
Located in Rimini, IT
Oval Black Floral Inlay and Gold Leaf Painting Handmade by Cupioli Italy. We present an exclusive oval wall painting, handcrafted by our artisans using the ancient Italian technique ...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Neoclassical Revival Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola

Directoire Style Italian Wrought Iron Scagliola Marble Table
Located in LOS ANGELES, CA
Directoire Style Italian Wrought Iron & Scagliola Marble Table
Category

1990s Italian Art Deco Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Iron

Italian Scagliola Top Coffee Table
Located in Greenwich, CT
A coffee table with a fine 19th century Italian, probably Florentine, scagliola top, depicting a central polychrome image of Pan in a bucolic riparian setting, entwined with flowerin...
Category

19th Century Italian Antique Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola

Tavolo Decorato con foglia Rame e Basi Scolpite Fatto a Mano da Cupioli Italia
Located in Rimini, IT
Tavolo pranzo decoro scagliola foglia rame basi scolpite fatto a mano da Cupioli. Il Tavolo Rettangolare è composto da un piano artisticamente decorato con la tecnica della scagliol...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Wood

Side Table Black Lacquered Wood Top Hand Decorated in Italy by Cupioli
Located in Rimini, IT
"Astral" is a modern and colorful coffee table to place near your sofas or armchairs. It has multiple functions and is a splash of color to be placed in the room. The plan is handma...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Harewood

Cabinet Art Deco Maple Wood, Scagliola Shagreen Casted Brass Handle and Legs
Located in Rimini, IT
Domiziano is a maple wood cabinet completely covered with scagliola shagreen decoration. The cabinet stands on a metal base embellished with gold leaf finishing. The handle with the ...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Art Deco Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Brass

1950s Italian Rococo Style Gilded Putti Lamp on Pink Onyx Base
Located in Glasgow, GB
Gilded rococo style putti lamp on pink onyx plinth, Crafted in Italy’s post-war design renaissance, in the 1950s, this gilded table lamp marries the playful charm of putti—cherubi...
Category

Mid-20th Century Italian Rococo Revival Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Onyx, Bronze

Large Italian Clam Shell
Located in New York, NY
Large Italian clam shell. Large sculptural shell in Scagliola with natural patina, Italy, early 20th century. Dimensions: 32" W x 20" D x 9.5" H.
Category

Early 20th Century Italian Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola

Black Oval Inlaid Flowers and Gold Frame Painting Handmade by Cupioli Italy
Located in Rimini, IT
Black Oval Flower Inlay Painting and Gold Frame Handmade by Cupioli Italy. Oval wall painting, handcrafted by our artisans using the ancient Italian technique of scagliola inlay . Th...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Neoclassical Revival Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola

Tavolo Pranzo Rosso e Foglia Oro Basi Scolpite Fatto a Mano da Cupioli Italia
Located in Rimini, IT
Tavolo pranzo decoro scagliola foglia oro basi scolpite fatto a mano da Cupioli. Il Tavolo Rettangolare è composto da un piano artisticamente decorato con la tecnica della scagliola...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Wood

Coffee table modern green scagliola art handmade in Italy by Cupioli
Located in Rimini, IT
The traditional technique of Scagliola art is now used and adapted to the needs of contemporary taste and this is a perfect example. The color becomes the great protagonist and the craftsmanship exalts and distinguishes the furniture solutions made in Italy...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Wood

Round dining table inlaid top and wooden tripod base handcrafted by Cupioli
Located in Rimini, IT
Round dining table inlaid top and wooden tripod base handcrafted by Cupioli "Verbena " round dining or center table. This table with scagliola art inlay takes inspiration from the c...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Empire Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Wood

Late 20th Century Hand Crafted Scagliola Coffee Table
Located in Casteren, Noord-Brabant
A late 20th century Italian Scagliola coffee table with marble top, resting on a heavy solid iron base, black patinated with brass accents. The marble top depicting several fruits, in the center a fruitbowl. The inlayment is hand crafted with Scaglio technique. Made in Italy, around 1970-1990. Scagliola is imitating marble or mosaic of Pietra Dura. Scagliola is a combination of a fine plaster...
Category

Late 20th Century Italian Baroque Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Marble, Metal, Brass

Panel Wall Bassorilevo Silver Leaf Handmade in Italy by Cupioli
Located in Rimini, IT
Silver-colored metal leaf bas-relief wall panel handmade in Italy by Cupioli. Subject: "Capricci Musicanti" This exquisite bas-relief panel is part of our exclusive collection ...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Aluminum

Tavolino Nuvola Plexiglass e Piano Grigio decorato a mano in Italia da Cupioli
Located in Rimini, IT
"Le nuvole entrano fluttuando nella nostra vita, non più per portare pioggia o tempesta, ma per aggiungere colore ai nostri tramonti." I tavolini Cloud nascono proprio guardando una...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Plexiglass, Scagliola

Italian 18th century Louis XV Period patinated Wood and Scagliola table/desk
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
An impressive and most decorative Italian 18th century Louis XV Period patinated Wood and Scagliola side table/desk. This wonderfully detailed rectangular table is raised on patinate...
Category

18th Century Italian Louis XV Antique Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Iron

Side Table Scagliola Inlaid Top Iron Base Handmade in Italy by Cupioli Available
Located in Rimini, IT
This table can be used as tea table, side table, lamp table it has multiple uses. The top is manufactured in scagliola art inlay, same technique of the "Paliotto" of the 16th century...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary European Empire Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Iron

Travertine Coffee Table, Polychrome Scagliola Inlays, Handmade Italy
Located in Rimini, IT
Side Table from living room with empire-style decoration in shaded and vibrant colors, elegantly juxtaposed . The Plan is made with the artistic technique of scagliola inlay, datin...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Empire Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Travertine

Silver Color Leaf Wall Sculpture Panel Handmade in Italy by Cupioli
Located in Rimini, IT
Sculptural wall panel in silver leaf handmade in Italy by Cupioli. Subject: "Capricci Musicanti" This exquisite bas-relief panel is part of our exclusive collection of six unique ...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Resin, Scagliola

Italian 19th century Neo-Classical st. Scagliola and Ormolu pedestal
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
A handsome Italian 19th century Neo-Classical st. Scagliola and Ormolu pedestal. This wonderfully detailed dark faux painted marble column is raised on an octagonal base displaying a...
Category

19th Century Italian Neoclassical Antique Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Ormolu

18th Century Italian Portable Travel Altar, c. 1730 Walnut Baroque Cartapesta
Located in Epfach, DE
Italian portable travel altar, c. 1730. Walnut case with cartapesta, scagliola and carved wood, complete with original accessories. This rare and beautifully preserved altar dates t...
Category

1730s Italian Baroque Antique Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Walnut

Coffee Table Green Scagliola Art Top Gold Wood Base Handmade in Italy by Cupioli
Located in Rimini, IT
The traditional technique of Scagliola art is now used and adapted to the needs of contemporary taste and Aurora T is a perfect example. The color becomes the great protagonist and t...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Wood

Tavolo Pranzo Decoro Scagliola Foglia Oro Basi Scolpite Fatto a Mano da Cupioli
Located in Rimini, IT
Tavolo pranzo decoro scagliola foglia oro basi scolpite fatto a mano da Cupioli. Il Tavolo Rettangolare è composto da un piano artisticamente decorato con la tecnica della scagliola...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Wood

Coffee Table Green marbled Top and Polished Brass feet Handmade Italy by Cupioli
Located in Rimini, IT
The traditional technique of Scagliola art is now used and adapted to the needs of contemporary taste and Aurora is a perfect example. The color becomes the great protagonist and th...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Brass

Playtime Side Table
Located in Chicago, IL
The Playtime Side Table takes after its cocktail version, highlighting rounded geometric forms with a lighthearted modern sensibility. Handcrafted using the ancient technique of scag...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Plaster, Scagliola

Mount Side Table
Located in Chicago, IL
Part of a series named after the W1 region in London, the Dean, Dover and Mount Side Tables boast evocative modern silhouettes. Each table in the series is handcrafted using the age-...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Plaster, Scagliola

Coffee Table Blue Marbled Top Casted Brass Feet Handmade in Italy by Cupioli
Located in Rimini, IT
In Cobalto coffee table our purpose is to show the new concept of the scagliola art giving emphasize to explosion of colors and the texture of the “materia “. Our artist creativity i...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Brass

Black and white wall sculpture panel handmade in Italy by Cupioli
Located in Rimini, IT
Black and white wall sculpture panel handmade in Italy by Cupioli. Subject: "Capricci Musicanti" This exquisite bas-relief panel is part of our exclusive collection of six unique ...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Resin, Scagliola

Artwork Wall Panel, Scagliola Decoration Handmade in Italy by Cupioli available
Located in Rimini, IT
Artwork wall Panel scagliola decoration Handmade in Italy by Cupioli available. Prometheus a Greek mythological figure is represented in this panel. To this hero, a friend of manki...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Wood

Silver-colored bas-relief wall panel handmade in Italy by Cupioli
Located in Rimini, IT
Silver-colored bas-relief wall panel with metal leaf handmade in Italy by Cupioli. Subject: "Capricci Musicanti" This exquisite bas-relief panel is part of our exclusive collecti...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Aluminum

Column Marbled Blue Scagliola Handmade in Italy
Located in Rimini, IT
Pair of blue solid Scagliola columns handmade by old craftmen and wax polished.
Category

Late 20th Century Italian Adam Style Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola

Round Dining Table Brown Marble and neutral color shagreen decor handcrafted
Located in Rimini, IT
Round Dining Table Brown Marble, Eco Shagreen Decor Handmade in Italy by Cupioli. In Aurelio round table the scagliola shagreen meets the elegance of the Brown Emperador marble and the refined accents of the polished brass. The purpose is to show to our valued customers a new concept of the scagliola art technique where the scagliola meets and marry contemporary design and materials. Aurelio in his perfect elegance, can be customized with a wide range of colors and different marbles. The " Scagliola Shagreen " consists in the reproduction of the stingray skin, used in the past to cover furniture and furnishings, in the wake of a French tradition that originated in the early 1900s, in the deco period. With our technique it is possible to obtain the same effect as the finest and prestigious leathers, thanks to a meticulous study and a refined methodology, in full respect of nature, without using real animal skins...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Marble, Brass

Side table blue scagliola top metal base handmade in Italy by Cupioli available
Located in Rimini, IT
This table can be used as tea table, side table, lamp table it has multiple uses. The top is manufactured in scagliola art inlay, same technique of the "Paliotto" of the 16th century...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary European Empire Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Iron

Coffee table grey concrete scagliola top gold leaf wooden base handmade in Italy
Located in Rimini, IT
Smart T coffee table is a modern expression of the scagliola that takes you into an essential solution, where the perfect combination of two different materials like cement and gold leaf wood lives creating a new harmony...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Wood

Louis XVI Green and Gilt Carved Mirror
Located in New York, NY
Louis XVI green and gilt carved mirror. Finely carved Italian gilt-wood frame in original condition with inset gilt carved foliate and laurel leaf ribbon banding framing green scagli...
Category

Late 18th Century Italian Louis XVI Antique Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Wood, Scagliola

Tavolino Quadrato Intarsio Scagliola, Base Marmo Giallo, Fatto a Mano in Italia
Located in Rimini, IT
Handmade coffee table with artistical decoration on the square top and carved edge made precious by gold leaf finishing. Royal Yellow marble base. T...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Empire Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Wood

Wall Panel Grey Scagliola Artwork Handmade in Italy by Cupioli Available
Located in Rimini, IT
Painting texturised scagliola artwork handmade in Italy by Cupioli available. Decorative wall panel handmade by the artist manufactured using the scagliola technique. Tha Coloured A...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Iron

Square Coffee Table Scagliola Art Top wooden base Handmade in Italy by Cupioli
Located in Rimini, IT
Handmade coffee table with artistical decoration on the square top and carved edge made precious by gold leaf finishing. Hand painted wooden central base formed by 4curved elements, ...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Empire Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Wood

Coffee Table Marble Decorated Top Wood Legs Handmade in Italy available
Located in Rimini, IT
This small table made with marble top decorated entirely with pigmented cold ceramic, whose decoration is a tribute to the French artist Monet and resumes its famous water lilies in ...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Arts and Crafts Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Marble

Matera Scagliola Wall Panel by Lodovico Cupioli
Located in Milan, IT
The artist was inspired to paint this wooden art panel after visiting Matera, the 2019 European Capital Of Culture, as a means of sharing his unique emotional response to this southe...
Category

2010s Italian Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Wood

Art Wall Panel handcrafted in Italy by Cupioli Available
Located in Rimini, IT
Modern Blue wall decorative panel handcrafted in Italy by Cupioli Available. Artistic wall panel, a tribute to the artist Alfred Roller. This art...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola

Kent Dolphin Pier Console Table
Located in Sturminster Marshall, Dorset
A fine William Kent dolphin pier console table with scagliola porphyry top. Resting upon an egg-and-dart frieze supported by a trio of stylised Kentian dolphins upon a faux porphyry ...
Category

17th Century British Rococo Antique Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Porphyry

Coffee table modern scagliola top gold leaf base handmade in Italy by Cupioli
Located in Rimini, IT
Perla H coffee table will add a final and sophisticated touch to your house. This exquisite item is realized with a marbleized pearl grey scagliola top and matched to special gold le...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Wood

Artwork Wall Panel Natural Motifs Relief Painting handmade in Italy by Cupioli
Located in Rimini, IT
Artwork Wall Panel Handmade Relief Painting Made in Italy by Cupioli Available. Virtue by Virtue Thorn for thorn Making a comparison between a plant (the pomegranate) and a characte...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Italian Empire Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Wood, Paint

Bust of a Roman Soldier in Scagliola on Marble Pedestal, Italian 19th Century
Located in El Monte, CA
This unique bust of a Roman soldier in scagliola is remarkable in its attention to detail. With nearly lifelike facial features, this soldier stands at attention sporting a hammered ...
Category

19th Century Italian Antique Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Marble

A Rare 17/18 C. North Italian Scagliola Panel with Parrots, Peacocks, Flowers
Located in New York, NY
A Very Rare and Incredible 17/18 (1600-1700's) C. North Italian Scagliola Panel with Parrots, Peacocks, Flowers, Vines, and More. A central roundel depicting a kneeling monk present...
Category

1690s Italian Baroque Antique Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola

Pair of Tall Faux Sienna Marble Tuscan Style Columns
Located in Nashville, TN
With faux and real distress, faked and real cracks, crevices, nicks ,dings etc. Tuscan, a Roman style with Doric influence. Simple entablature with no fluting to the shaft. Well de...
Category

Mid-20th Century Italian Classical Roman Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola

Incredible Rare 19th Century Italian Grand Tour Scagliola Center Table
Located in Richmond, VA
Incredible rare 19th century Italian Grand Tour scagliola center table. The classical inspired table features the Greek key decorated lintel top supported by a tryptich of monop...
Category

19th Century Italian Grand Tour Antique Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola

One of a kind wall art, hand crafted
Located in London, GB
One of a kind multicolour wall art piece, hand crafted in stucco marmo. Due to the nature of the process, any shape, form or figure can unintentionally emerge from the organic mass. Thus the end result makes for an intriguing and entertaining visual experience. In this wall art for example, beyond the initial glance, one can see a whimsical illustration...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary British Organic Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Stucco

Black and white decorative object, one of a kind, hand made
Located in London, GB
One of a kind decorative object hand crafted in three interconnected sections and plays with contrasts - black and white, thick and thin and combines various materials. The top par...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary British Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Epoxy Resin

Roman Gilt-wood Side Table with its Original Scagliola Top
Located in London, GB
A FINE ROMAN GILT-WOOD SIDE TABLE WITH IT’S ORIGINAL SCAGLIOLA TOP, Circa 1780.
Category

18th Century Antique Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola

Anatomical Model of the Upper Limbs, Italy 1900
Located in Milan, IT
Anatomical model for schools, didactic use, depicting the upper limb tilting on a fork supported by a black lacquered wooden base. Made in plaster and finished entirely in colour. F...
Category

Early 20th Century Italian Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola

Pair of Neoclassical Simulated Porphyry Scagliola Pedestal Columns
Located in Shippensburg, PA
PAIR OF NEOCLASSICAL SIMULATED-PORPHYRY SCAGLIOLA PEDESTAL COLUMNS Probably Italian, circa late 19th century Item # 403HRY18X This fine pair of Neoclassical columns are exquisite ex...
Category

19th Century European Neoclassical Antique Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola

One of a Kind Head of a Woman Abstract Sculpture Handcrafted in Scagliola
Located in London, GB
'Head of a Woman' abstract sculpture titled 'Silent Gaze' is part of a collection of sculptures of 'Heads'. It is hand crafted from pigmented scagliola with a marbled texture feat...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary British Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Resin, Fiberglass, Scagliola, Wood

Console Table, probably Italian, early 19th Century
Located in Greding, DE
Baroque-style wall console with a richly decorated and gold-patinated frame with s-shaped legs and rocailles as well as shell decoration on the curved frame. The ochre-coloured table...
Category

Early 19th Century Italian Baroque Antique Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Giltwood

Coffee Table Scagliola Polychromy by Guglielmus Blaeuni, from 1731
Located in Milano, IT
Scagliola Policromia coffee table from 1731 with the signature of the original Italian origin from Venice. The work is signed by the artist Giglielmo Blaeuni. At the center of the polychrome table we find an astrolabe. The astrolabe is an instrument that calculated the height of the sun but also had a dual purpose that of solving problems of spherical astronomy. On the sides of the astrolabe there are two cobalt blue circles containing other symbolic animals. To protect the work, the table is protected by glass. Scagliola is a type of fine plaster...
Category

17th Century Italian Neoclassical Antique Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Steel

One of a kind centrepiece, hand crafted
Located in London, GB
A one of a kind, large centerpiece bowl is handcrafted from pigmented scagliola (stucco). With its organic asymmetrical shape, this beautiful piece is crafted in three sections, eac...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary British Organic Modern Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola, Resin, Stucco

Time Table
Located in Chicago, IL
Exemplifying the concept of persisting time, this series of tables is defined by fluid lines with no beginning or end. Made of marbleized plaster, each of the tables Decade, Century ...
Category

21st Century and Contemporary Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Plaster, Scagliola

Louis XVI Italian White Lacquer and Giltwood Console Scagliola Siena Marble Top
Located in Firenze, IT
This spectacular antique Italian 18th Century original Louis XVI period console table is made of hand carved wood lacquered and gilded with gold leaves with a gorgeous scagliola faux Sienna marble top. This rare and refined Florentine console...
Category

18th Century Italian Louis XVI Antique Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Giltwood, Scagliola, Wood

Great Neoclassical Lamp, Antique Engraved Decor, Scagliola, circa 1960
Located in Nice, Cote d Azur
Great neoclassical lamp, At the Antique engraved decor, scagliola, Circa 1960, France. Height: 1 m, diameter: 30 cm.
Category

1960s French Mid-Century Modern Vintage Scagliola Furniture

Materials

Scagliola

Antique, New and Vintage Scagliola Furniture and Decor

Antique, new and vintage scagliola furniture and decorative objects still captivate as they did in the 17th century.

It looks like marble, but it isn’t stone, and it’s not found in nature. In fact, this decorative plaster is perhaps even cooler than marble — let’s call it the swirly faux marble that you never knew you loved.

Scagliola has a venerable pedigree and a look that conjures exotic palaces. But today it’s found new and ingenious applications in the shops of cutting-edge makers like Francis Sultana, Cupioli Luxury Living and Odd Matter, which employ the plaster to create vibrant seating, trippy coffee tables and sausage-shaped benches.

Scagliola, whose name comes from the Italian scaglia, meaning “chips,” dates back to ancient times. The Egyptians used a complex mixture of plaster, water, glue and pigment to coat the walls of tombs. The Greeks lined aqueducts with a similar material.

Details about such early applications are hazy, but most scholars agree that the scagliola technique was revived in Italy during the Renaissance, used by monks as an affordable way to restore decorative details in their monasteries; in the early 17th century, artist Guido Fassi was among the first to employ it for inlaid altar panels. By the 18th century, scagliola was also a mainstay in architecture. The Music Room of Buckingham Palace features John Nash’s bold columns of fake lapis lazuli. And the ceilings of baroque churches in Britain, Austria and Germany dazzle with heavenly scagliola clouds.

Lodovico Cupioli, founder of Cupioli Luxury Living, became captivated by inlaid scagliola work in the 1950s, while restoring antique tables and altar frontals damaged in the war. Today, Cupioli Luxury Living — led by Luca and Sonia Cupioli, the children of Lodovico and his brother, Renzo — marries the ancient craft with a decidedly modern look.

Find antique, new and vintage scagliola tables, storage cabinets and other furniture on 1stDibs.

Still Thinking About These?

All Recently Viewed