French Earrings
to
244
1,259
752
707
425
324
592
142
124
74
69
14
94
2,236
903
6
7
33
36
20
66
102
143
693
472
2
2,365
871
11
240
189
86
74
64
to
594
270
155
135
121
384
236
196
164
62
54
38
36
21
19
12
9
9
9
5
1
2,109
1,138
1,827
1,345
Place of Origin: French
Christian Lacroix Vintage Embellished Brutalist Dangling Earrings
By Christian Lacroix
Located in Nice, FR
CHRISTIAN LACROIX vintage brutalist dangling earrings (clip-on) embellished with clear crystals.
Silver tone metal hardware.
Embossed with the CL monogram (on the reverse of both ...
Category
20th Century French Earrings
1970s Jade Ruby 18 Karat Yellow Gold Flower Stud Earrings
Located in Poitiers, FR
For pierced ears.
Earrings in 18 karat yellow gold.
These feminine earrings feature an engraved jade flower, into which are inserted stud earrings adorned with four claws holding a r...
Category
1670s Retro Antique French Earrings
Materials
Jade, Ruby, Gold, 18k Gold, Yellow Gold
Chanel Vintage 1980s Logo CC 31 Rue Cambon Paris Round Button Relief Earrings
By Chanel
Located in Wokingham, England
Chanel Vintage 1980s Unisex Classic Iconic Logo CC 31 Rue Cambon Paris Relief Round Button Circle Modernist Elegant Clip Earrings, Gold Plated
Very good condition. Light scratches o...
Category
1980s Art Nouveau Vintage French Earrings
Materials
Gold Plate
Chanel Vintage 1995 Texture Coco Logo CC Circle Round Relief Medallion Earrings
By Chanel
Located in Wokingham, England
Chanel Vintage 1995 95 P Unisex Textured Classic Logo CC Coco Relief Circle Round Medallion Modernist Elegant Clip Earrings, Gold Plated
Very good condition. Light scratches or colo...
Category
1990s Art Deco French Earrings
Materials
Gold Plate
CHRISTIAN LACROIX Vintage Heart Clip-On Earrings
By Christian Lacroix
Located in Nice, FR
CHRISTIAN LACROIX vintage heart shape clip-on earrings embellished with enamel, orange glass cabochon and clear crystals.
Marked CHRISTIAN LACROIX...
Category
20th Century French Earrings
Materials
Gilt Metal
Chanel Vintage 1980s Large Quilted Logo CC Coco Matelassé Medallion Earrings
By Chanel
Located in Wokingham, England
Chanel Vintage 1980s Unisex Iconic Classic Large Logo CC Coco Matelassé Quilted CC Medallion Circle Round Crush Domed Chunky Statement Elegant Modernist Clip Earrings, Gold Plated
V...
Category
1980s Art Nouveau Vintage French Earrings
Materials
Gold Plate
Archeo Squelette 3 Pair Of Earrings in Gold-Plated Metal by Marion Fillancq
Located in Geneve, CH
Archeo Squelette 3 Pair Of Earrings in Gold-Plated Metal by Marion Fillancq
Unique Piece
Dimensions: L 2,5 cm.
Materials: 24k gold-plated metal and crystal.
Dimensions may vary. Pl...
Category
2010s Contemporary French Earrings
Materials
Crystal, 24k Gold, Gold Plate
Vintage 18k Sapphire
Diamond Halo Stud Earrings, 1.16ctw Signed MECAN
By Mecan
Located in Miami, FL
Elegant vintage 18k yellow gold halo earrings featuring richly saturated pear-shaped blue sapphires totaling approximately 0.56 carats. Each center stone is framed by a halo of brill...
Category
1960s Vintage French Earrings
Materials
Diamond, Sapphire, 18k Gold
Fragment Marionite 5 Pair Of Earrings in Gold-Plated Metal by Marion Fillancq
Located in Geneve, CH
Fragment Marionite 5 Pair Of Earrings in Gold-Plated Metal by Marion Fillancq
Unique Piece
Dimensions: L 5 cm.
Materials: 24k gold-plated metal and crystal.
Dimensions may vary. Pl...
Category
2010s Contemporary French Earrings
Materials
Crystal, 24k Gold, Gold Plate
Fragment Marionite 3 Pair Of Earrings in Gold-Plated Metal by Marion Fillancq
Located in Geneve, CH
Fragment Marionite 3 Pair Of Earrings in Gold-Plated Metal by Marion Fillancq
Unique Piece
Dimensions: L 4 cm.
Materials: 24k gold-plated metal and crystal.
Dimensions may vary. Pl...
Category
2010s Contemporary French Earrings
Materials
Crystal, 24k Gold, Gold Plate
Chanel earrings Haute Couture Coco era
By Chanel
Located in SAINT-OUEN-SUR-SEINE, FR
CHANEL - (Made in France) Golden metal clip-on earrings with pearl-like glass paste cabochons.
Condition:
Very good condition
Dimensions:
Diameter: 2 cm
SKU:BOB68
Category
1960s Vintage French Earrings
Materials
Gilt Metal
1990s Vintage CHANEL Gold Toned CC Impression Clip On Earrings
By Chanel
Located in Bangkok, TH
1990s Chanel gold toned clip-on earrings adorned with a CC logo impression. Stamped 95C made in France. Diameter measures approximately 2.2 cm. Come with box.
Condition - Minor sig...
Category
1990s French Earrings
Earrings Rose Quartz Diamonds Bakelite Rose Gold 18 Karat
Located in Vannes, FR
Opt for the timeless elegance of these magnificent rose gold earrings, enhanced by sparkling diamonds and a vintage touch with bakelite. With 80 sparkling diamonds totalling an impre...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Contemporary French Earrings
Materials
Diamond, Quartz, Gold, 18k Gold, Rose Gold
$5,130 Sale Price
20% Off
Yves Saint Laurent earrings
shells
By Yves Saint Laurent
Located in SAINT-OUEN-SUR-SEINE, FR
YVES SAINT LAURENT - Golden metal earrings with a plum-color shell decorated with black lines. To be mentioned, some slight lacks of paint. A Collection circa 1990 under the artistic...
Category
1990s French Earrings
Chopard Versatile Happy Diamonds Convertible Earrings / Pendants 18K Yellow Gold
By Chopard
Located in Chicago, IL
Elegant and ingeniously designed, these Chopard earrings showcase the maison’s signature creativity and refinement. The design is fully convertible:
the upper “X” motif can be worn ...
Category
2010s French Earrings
Materials
Diamond, White Diamond, 18k Gold, Yellow Gold
$24,000 Sale Price
20% Off
New Art Deco Style Turquoise Onyx Diamonds 18 K White Gold Dangle Earrings
Located in Poitiers, FR
For pierced ears.
Earrings in 18 karat white gold.
Art Deco-style drop earrings, each featuring an oval turquoise cabochon with two onyx discs suspended from it, held in place by cla...
Category
2010s Art Deco French Earrings
Materials
Diamond, White Diamond, Onyx, Turquoise, Gold, 18k Gold, White Gold
Cartier Diamond Earrings 18K Yellow Gold
By Cartier
Located in Chicago, IL
Elegant and powerful, these Panthère earrings by Cartier are crafted in solid 18k yellow gold and set with brilliant-cut natural diamonds, offering exceptional sparkle and presence....
Category
1990s French Earrings
Materials
Diamond, White Diamond, 18k Gold, Yellow Gold
$22,400 Sale Price
20% Off
Philippe Ferrandis Vintage Clip Earrings
By Philippe Ferrandis
Located in Virginia Beach, VA
Dark rhodium with Swarovski crystals and handmade glass pearls.
Category
Early 2000s French Earrings
1970s Chanel Goldtone Earrings with Large Rhinestone
By Chanel
Located in London, GB
These classic Chanel 1970s or early 1980s gold plated earrings are of superb quality and condition. An oversized round cut rhinestone encased at the centre of each piece is surrounde...
Category
1970s Vintage French Earrings
Chanel Golden Metal Earrings by Rousselet
By Chanel
Located in SAINT-OUEN-SUR-SEINE, FR
Chanel - Golden metal earrings with two pink and plum glass pearl rows. Haute Couture jewelry from the Coco era and designed by the Rousselet atelier.
Additional information:
Condit...
Category
1950s Vintage French Earrings
Roger Mathon for Cellini NYC 18 Karat White Gold and 5.39 Carat Diamond Earrings
Located in New York, NY
Among insiders in the business of haute joaillerie, Mathon Paris is one of most storied places in the world. It’s not widely known to the public because m...
Category
1990s Modern French Earrings
Materials
Diamond, 18k Gold, White Gold
Chanel Vintage 1986 Logo CC Coco Openwork Circle Round Double Dot Clip Earrings
By Chanel
Located in Wokingham, England
Chanel Vintage 1986 Unisex Textured Logo CC Coco Openwork Circle Round Double Dot Modernist Elegant Clip Earrings, Gold Plated
Very good condition. Maybe light scratches, barely not...
Category
1980s Art Deco Vintage French Earrings
Materials
Gold Plate
Vintage Gioia 18K Gold and Sterling Silver Sapphire Huggie Earrings
Located in Venice, CA
These vintage earrings are made by the Parisian designer Gioia. The sapphire encrusted huggie hoops are rendered in both sterling silver and 18k gold; the caps, earring wires, and ea...
Category
20th Century Modern French Earrings
Materials
Sapphire, Gold, 18k Gold, Silver, Sterling Silver
Vintage Yves Saint Laurent YSL Diamante Half Flower Earrings, Circa 1980s
By Yves Saint Laurent
Located in New York, NY
Vintage Yves Saint Laurent YSL Diamante Half Flower Earrings Circa 1980s. These earrings are a Flower that has been cut in half. There are specific ones for the left and right ears,...
Category
1980s Artist Vintage French Earrings
Materials
Mixed Metal
Vintage French Pierre Lorion
Sylvia Karels Sculptural Silver Earrings
Located in New York, NY
These vintage 1980s Pierre Lorion & Sylvia Karels sculptural silver earrings have an incredibly cool design, full of geometric forms and varying textures. Made in France by Parisian ...
Category
1980s Artisan Vintage French Earrings
Chanel 2019 Logo CC Coco Moonstone Jelly Belly Water Drop Flower Peals Earrings
By Chanel
Located in Wokingham, England
Chanel 2019 Logo CC Coco Moonstone Water Drop Flower Beads White Peals Cube Square Jelly Belly Yellow Cabochon Elegant Dangle Pierced Earrings, Silver Plated
Very good condition. Ma...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Art Nouveau French Earrings
Materials
Silver Plate
Back To Basics 15 Pair Of Earrings in 24k Gold-Plated Metal by Marion Fillancq
Located in Geneve, CH
Back To Basics 15 Pair Of Earrings in 24k Gold-Plated Metal by Marion Fillancq
Unique Piece
Dimensions: L 5 cm.
Materials: 24k gold-plated metal, glass, and 925 sterling silver.
Di...
Category
2010s Contemporary French Earrings
Materials
24k Gold, Gold Plate, Sterling Silver
Back To Basics 14 Pair Of Earrings in 24k Gold-Plated Metal by Marion Fillancq
Located in Geneve, CH
Back To Basics 9 Pair Of Earrings in 24k Gold-Plated Metal by Marion Fillancq
Unique Piece
Dimensions: L 6 cm.
Materials: 24k gold-plated metal, glass, and 925 sterling silver.
Dim...
Category
2010s Contemporary French Earrings
Materials
24k Gold, Gold Plate, Sterling Silver
Back To Basics 9 Pair Of Earrings in 24k Gold-Plated Metal by Marion Fillancq
Located in Geneve, CH
Back To Basics 9 Pair Of Earrings in 24k Gold-Plated Metal by Marion Fillancq
Unique Piece
Dimensions: L 4 cm.
Materials: 24k gold-plated metal, glass, and 925 sterling silver.
Dim...
Category
2010s Contemporary French Earrings
Materials
24k Gold, Gold Plate, Sterling Silver
Back To Basics 5 Pair Of Earrings in 24k Gold-Plated Metal by Marion Fillancq
Located in Geneve, CH
Back To Basics 5 Pair Of Earrings in 24k Gold-Plated Metal by Marion Fillancq
Unique Piece
Dimensions: L 2 cm.
Materials: 24k gold-plated metal, glass, and 925 sterling silver.
Sma...
Category
2010s Contemporary French Earrings
Materials
24k Gold, Gold Plate, Sterling Silver
Back To Basics 4 Pair Of Earrings in 24k Gold-Plated Bronze by Marion Fillancq
Located in Geneve, CH
Back To Basics 4 Pair Of Earrings in 24k Gold-Plated Bronze by Marion Fillancq
Unique Piece
Dimensions: L 5 cm.
Materials: 24k gold-plated bronze.
Marion Fillancq
“I found in the c...
Category
2010s Contemporary French Earrings
Materials
24k Gold, Gold Plate, Bronze
Chanel Earrings Silvery Metal
By Chanel
Located in SAINT-OUEN-SUR-SEINE, FR
CHANEL - (Made in France) Silvery metal circular earrings enameled with red.
Additional information:
Condition: Good condition
Dimensions: Height: 4 cm
SKU:BOB207
Category
15th Century and Earlier Antique French Earrings
Chanel earrings
Starfish
Haute Couture Summer 1989
By Chanel
Located in SAINT-OUEN-SUR-SEINE, FR
CHANEL - (Made in France) Golden metal and red bakelite starfish earrings. 1989 Spring-Summer Haute Couture Collection under the artistic direction of Karl Lagerfeld.
Condition:
Ver...
Category
1980s Vintage French Earrings
Materials
Gilt Metal
1960s Van Cleef
Arpels 18k gold and diamond hoop earrings
By Van Cleef
Arpels
Located in London, GB
These stylish 1960s 18k gold and diamond hoop earrings by Van Cleef and Arpels are highly wearable both day and night. The gold has been engraved and embellished with a total of appr...
Category
1960s Contemporary Vintage French Earrings
Materials
Diamond, 18k Gold
Dior bee earrings
By Gianfranco Ferré for Christian Dior
Located in SAINT-OUEN-SUR-SEINE, FR
DIOR - Golden metal clip-on earrings with rhinestoned bees. Jewelry from the early 1990s under the artistic direction of Gianfranco Ferré.
Condition:
Very good condition
Dimensions...
Category
1990s French Earrings
Materials
Gilt Metal
$1,189
Chanel earrings
By Chanel
Located in SAINT-OUEN-SUR-SEINE, FR
CHANEL - (Made in France) Golden metal clip-on earrings representing beetles.
Condition:
Very good condition
Dimensions:
Height: 3 cm
SKU:BOB144
Category
1980s Vintage French Earrings
Materials
Gilt Metal
$2,379
Chanel earrings
bow
1980s
By Karl Lagerfeld for Chanel
Located in SAINT-OUEN-SUR-SEINE, FR
CHANEL - (Made in France) Golden metal clip-on earrings enameled with black and ornamented with a costume pearly drop. A Collection circa 1980, under the artistic direction of Karl L...
Category
1980s Vintage French Earrings
Materials
Gilt Metal
Yves Saint Laurent YSL Vintage Clover Clip-On Earrings
By Yves Saint Laurent
Located in Nice, FR
YVES SAINT LAURENT vintage clover clip-on earrings featuring orange and red resin heart petals in a gold toned setting.
Embossed YSL Made in France.
Indicative measurements : width...
Category
20th Century French Earrings
Materials
Gilt Metal
CHRISTIAN DIOR by JOHN GALLIANO Vintage Jewelled Safety Pin Earrings
By Christian Dior
Located in Nice, FR
CHRISTIAN DIOR by JOHN GALLIANO vintage silver tone safety pin earrings (for pierced ears) embellished with clear crystals.
Embossed DIOR.
Indicative measurements : max. height app...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary French Earrings
Chanel cc earrings 1990s
By Karl Lagerfeld for Chanel
Located in SAINT-OUEN-SUR-SEINE, FR
CHANEL - (Made in France) Golden metal clip-on earrings centered with cc logos and topped with pearly cabochons. A 2cc8 Collection under the artistic direction of Karl Lagerfeld.
Co...
Category
1990s French Earrings
Materials
Gilt Metal
$2,736
YVES SAINT LAURENT YSL Vintage Gold Tone Door Knocker Dangle Earrings
By Yves Saint Laurent
Located in Nice, FR
YVES SAINT LAURENT vintage gold tone door knocker dangle earrings (clip-on).
Embossed YSL Made in France.
Indicative measurements : height approx. 4.7 cm (1.85 inches) / width appr...
Category
20th Century French Earrings
Materials
Gilt Metal
Gilt Leaves Over Red Wood Half Hoop Statement Earrings By Isabel Canovas, 1980s
By Isabel Canovas
Located in McKinney, TX
- Vintage item
- Collectible costume jewelry piece from the '80s
- Each earring measures 2" tall
- Gold plated hardware
- Each earring features a gilded leaf over red tone wood
...
Category
1980s Modern Vintage French Earrings
$503 Sale Price
20% Off
Chanel earrings 1990s
By Karl Lagerfeld for Chanel
Located in SAINT-OUEN-SUR-SEINE, FR
CHANEL - (Made in France) Beaten golden metal earrings with green glass paste. A Collection circa 1990.
Condition:
Very good condition
Dimensions:
Length: 8.5 cm
SKU:BOB13
Category
1990s French Earrings
Materials
Gilt Metal
$1,427
18 Karat Yellow Gold Drop Earrings Set with 14.89 Carat Citrines and Tourmalines
By Eva Soussana
Located in Paris, FR
Designed by Eva Soussana, artist and founder of Hera-Jewellery, these sensual, elegant and refined drop/dangle earrings from the "Eva" Collection were inspired by the famous "Dormeus...
Category
20th Century Contemporary French Earrings
Materials
Citrine, Tourmaline, 18k Gold, Yellow Gold
Chanel earrings Haute Couture
By Chanel
Located in SAINT-OUEN-SUR-SEINE, FR
CHANEL - (Made in France) Dark-golden metal earrings with costume pearly cabochons. 3 stars Haute Couture Collection, from the Coco era.
Condition:
Very good condition
Dimensions:
...
Category
1950s Vintage French Earrings
Materials
Gilt Metal
Athena’s Spear Earring, 18-carat yellow gold, ruby and diamonds
Located in PARIS, FR
Influential alongside Zeus, Athena provides her advice to the king of the gods, who takes no action without consulting her. As Zeus’ favourite daughter, she enjoys a privileged posit...
Category
2010s Greek Revival French Earrings
Materials
Diamond, Ruby, 18k Gold, Yellow Gold
Chanel Rare Vintage Gold Plated CC Quilted Cufflinks
By Chanel
Located in Pasadena, CA
Chanel Rare Vintage Gold Plated CC Quilted Cufflinks
* Marked Chanel
* Made in France
* Comes with the original box
-It is approximately 1" x 0.75".
-Very classic and pretty
-It i...
Category
1980s Artisan Vintage French Earrings
Chanel cc earrings
By Karl Lagerfeld for Chanel
Located in SAINT-OUEN-SUR-SEINE, FR
CHANEL - (Made in France) Silvery metal cc earrings enameled with black. 2004 Spring-Summer Collection under the artistic direction of Karl Lagerfeld.
Condition:
Very good condition...
Category
Early 2000s French Earrings
Givenchy Gold with Black Crystal Earrings
By Givenchy
Located in New York, NY
Givenchy gilded gold hardware base earrings are paired with black glass crystals and rhinestones. These earrings measures 3 1/4" in length and 7/8" in width. The depth is 1...
Category
1980s Vintage French Earrings
Flower clip-on earring by Christian Lacroix Paris, Resin 1990s
By Christian Lacroix Paris
Located in Stuttgart, DE
SHOULDER - DUSTER EARRINGS ARE TRENDING - here's why....
Whether you're a minimalist or maximalist drop earring are the ultimativ one and - done Jewel as seen on the red carpet.
V...
Category
1980s Artisan Vintage French Earrings
Celine 1989 Vintage Extra Large Iconic Logo Globe Celestial Stars Clip Earrings
By Celine
Located in Wokingham, England
Celine Paris 1989 Vintage Extra Large Iconic Logo Globe Celestial Stars Round Circle Dome Clip Chunky Modernist Earrings, Gold Plated
Very good condition. 100% Genuine. Maybe light...
Category
1980s Baroque Vintage French Earrings
Materials
Gold-filled
Dior silvery earrings 1994
By Gianfranco Ferré for Christian Dior
Located in SAINT-OUEN-SUR-SEINE, FR
DIOR - Long silvery metal clip-on earrings ornamented with rhinestones and costume pearly drops. 1994 Spring-Summer Collection under the artistic direction of Gianfranco Ferré.
Cond...
Category
1990s French Earrings
Earth 7 Pair Of Earrings in 24K Gold Plate
Stone by Marion Fillancq
Located in Geneve, CH
Earth 7 Pair Of Earrings in 24K Gold Plate & Stone by Marion Fillancq
Unique Pieces
Dimensions: L 6 cm.
Materials: Gold plate and imitation stone.
Marion Fillancq
“I found in the c...
Category
2010s Contemporary French Earrings
Materials
Crystal, 24k Gold, Gold Plate
Christian Lacroix Gold Stars on Blue Resin Buttom Earrings
By Christian Lacroix
Located in New York, NY
Christian Lacroix Gold Stars on Blue Resin Buttom Earrings
Category
1980s Vintage French Earrings
Materials
Gold Plate
18ct 750 Gold French Antique Cameo Glass Drop Earrings
Located in London, GB
18ct 750 Gold French Antique Cameo Glass Drop Earrings
Cameo Glass Drops are Black in colour with silver circles showing through
The hooks fasten w...
Category
Early 20th Century Art Deco French Earrings
Materials
Gold
CHRISTIAN DIOR (Attributed To) Vintage Silver Tone I LOVE DIOR Dangle Earrings
Located in Nice, FR
CHRISTIAN DIOR (attributed to) vintage silver tone I LOVE DIOR dangle earrings (clip-on with screw system).
Unsigned (usual for this model).
Indicative measurements : height approx...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary French Earrings
Chanel earrings 1980s
By Chanel
Located in SAINT-OUEN-SUR-SEINE, FR
CHANEL - (Made in France) Golden metal clip-on earrings decorated with red and green glass paste paste holding a costume pearl. A Collection from the late 1980 under the artistic dir...
Category
1980s Vintage French Earrings
Materials
Gilt Metal
$2,141
CHRISTIAN DIOR Boutique Vintage Gold Tone Logo CD Dangling Earrings
By Christian Dior
Located in Nice, FR
CHRISTIAN DIOR Boutique vintage gold tone logo CD dangling earrings (clip-on).
Embossed CHRISTIAN DIOR Boutique.
Indicative measurements : height approx. 6 cm (2.36 inches) / max. ...
Category
20th Century French Earrings
Materials
Gilt Metal
CHRISTIAN DIOR by JOHN GALLIANO Vintage ID Tag New Look Stud Dangle Earrings
By Christian Dior
Located in Nice, FR
CHRISTIAN DIOR by JOHN GALLIANO vintage gold tone stud dangle earrings featuring a rectangular ID tag embossed "DIOR 00001947 new look".
Unmarked (usual for this model).
Indicative...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary French Earrings
Materials
Gilt Metal
Yves Saint Laurent YSL Vintage Massive Textured Vivid Starfishes Clip Earrings
By Yves Saint Laurent
Located in Wokingham, England
Yves Saint Laurent YSL Vintage Arty Massive Large Textured Vivid Starfishes Star Pentagram Modernist Elegant Chunky Clip Earrings, Gold Tone
Very excellent condition. 100% Genuine. ...
Category
1980s Art Deco Vintage French Earrings
Materials
Gold Plate
Read More
These Jean Schlumberger for Tiffany & Co. Earrings Are Just the Right Amount of Bold
Someone wanted to “modernize” the Jean Schlumberger for Tiffany & Co. masterworks, but Mahnaz Collection came to their rescue. Here, the dealer explains precisely why they’re such an extraordinary find.
5 Fresh Jewelry Trends That Will Bring You Joy This Spring
From cameos to cigar bands, here are the looks on our radar this season.
The ‘Curated Ear’ Trend Turns High End
The mismatched, multiple-earring look may have started with fashion jewelry, but A-list fans have taken it to the next level.
5 Types of Earrings to Wear Right Now
From buttons to chandeliers, here are the top styles to get or give in 2020.
Next-Level Pearls That Go Well Beyond the Expected
Organic shapes, surprising textures, shimmering colors and inventive embellishments take the new generation of pearl jewelry from classic to cutting-edge.
7 Vibrant Jewels for a Breezy Late-Summer Wardrobe
Soak up the pleasures of the season with a these bold gems.
Jewelry Designers Are Giving Hoop Earrings an Edgy Update
The classic circle has appeared in countless variations over the centuries.