Danish Stools
to
86
581
155
421
295
22
Height
to
Width
to
Depth
to
567
376
280
326
250
277
240
291
238
266
234
285
248
179
141
7
5
3
3
3
1
1
6
414
317
18
332
43
9
2
12
19
68
140
28
6
3
552
278
219
213
188
37,394
9,498
2,705
2,261
2,186
738
485
541
34
27
22
20
20
Place of Origin: Danish
Danish Modern Teak Stool with Fluted Tapered Legs and Storage, Circa 1970s
Located in Germantown, MD
A 1970s Danish Modern teak stool with Fluted Tapered Legs and under seat storage. Vinyl seat upholstery in great condition.
Measures 17.25" W x 15...
Category
Mid-20th Century Scandinavian Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Iron
Aldo Bakker
Triangle
Wood Stool or Side Table by Karakter
By Aldo Bakker
Located in Barcelona, Barcelona
Stool or side table designed by Aldo Bakker in 1996.
The Dutch designer, Aldo Bakker, is known for his uncompromising approach to design. This is a perfect example of his work. Tr...
Category
2010s Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Wood
Danish Teak Swivel Stool with Black Leather Seat, 1960s
Located in Nørre Aaby, DK
Mid-century swivel stool from the 1960s, featuring a teak frame and black leather seat. While the maker is unknown, the piece showcases beautiful craftsmanship, including elegant joi...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Metal
Mid-Century Danish Wooden Stool with Saddle Seat and Terracotta Lacquer
Located in Kastrup, DK
Danish design.
Stool with a saddle-shaped seat in solid wood, raised on three splayed legs with carved grooves. Finished in a warm reddish-brown lacquer.
Attributed to A. Ove Hovmand...
Category
Mid-20th Century Other Danish Stools
Materials
Wood
Aldo Bakker
Bon
Wood Stool by Karakter
By Aldo Bakker
Located in Barcelona, Barcelona
Stool designed by Aldo Bakker in 2015.
A rework of Dutch artist and designer, Aldo Bakker’s wondrous Pink Stool in urushi lacquer from 2015, Bon in stained ash exudes Bakker’s ac...
Category
2010s Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Wood
$4,750 / item
Erik Buck Chr. Christensens Mobelfabrik I/S Vamdrup Design Rosewood Bar Stool
By Erik Buch, Christiansen Møbelfabrik
Located in London, GB
Erik Buck, a very rare rosewood bar stool. Signed with stamped manufacturer's mark to underside: Made in Denmark Chr. Christensens MobelFabrik I/S Vamdrup Design: Erik Buck.
Category
1960s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Rosewood
1950s Round Danish Stool by Hugo Frandsen
By Hugo Frandsen
Located in Dallas, TX
A Danish stool by Hugo Frandsen made from rosewood and reupholstered by The Selby House in a Nobilis Wood Boucle. The frame has also been restored and ...
Category
Mid-20th Century Scandinavian Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Wool, Bouclé, Rosewood
Contemporary Counter Stool PIA by Dk3, Natural Cordel, Soap Oak
By DK3, Poul Cadovius
Located in Paris, IDF
Contemporary Counter Stool PIA by Poul Cadovius for Dk3
Materials:
Solid oak frame, paper cordel seat
Dimensions:
B.47 x D.51 x H.85 cm
Seating: B.47 x D.42 x H.65 cm
Wood:
– Oa...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Scandinavian Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Oak
Expertly Restored - Hans Olsen Teak
Rush Chord Stool for Frem Rojle
By Hans Olsen, Frem Røjle
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Hans Olsen teak
rush chord stool for Frem Rojle.
________________________________________
Transforming a piece of Mid-Century Modern furniture is like bringing history back t...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Wood, Teak
Hans J Wegner Stool in Stained Beech and Aniline Leather
By Hans J. Wegner
Located in Brooklyn, NY
Hans J Wegner "Music Stool", model AP-30, executed in stained beech and manufactured by A.P. Stolen, Denmark. This design is a taller iteration of his Papa Bear ottoman with the addi...
Category
Mid-20th Century Scandinavian Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Leather, Wood, Beech
Early 20th century Martin Nyrop Stool, for Copenhagen Town Hall, C. 1905
By Martin Nyrop, Rud Rasmussen
Located in Valby, 84
This beautifully crafted stool was designed by Danish architect Martin Nyrop (1849-1921) for Copenhagen City Hall around 1905. Made from solid pine with a distinctive sculptural form...
Category
Early 1900s Arts and Crafts Antique Danish Stools
Materials
Pine
Early Propeller Stool by Kjærholm
By Poul Kjærholm, E. Kold Christensen
Located in Lejre, DK
Early produced propeller stool in chromed metal and canvas designed by MAA. Poul Kjærholm for EKC Made in Denmark.
Category
1950s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Metal
Expertly Restored - Danish Modern African Teak
Rush Chord Stool or Ottoman
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Transforming a piece of Mid-Century Modern furniture is like bringing history back to life, and we take this journey with passion and precision. With over 17 years of artisanal exper...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Wood, Teak, Paper
Niels Moller Rosewood Stool in Ivory Boucle
By Niels Otto Møller
Located in Atlanta, GA
Danish Modern Rosewood Stool, designed by Niels Moller, Denmark, circa 1960s. It has recently been reupholstered in a plush ivory boucle fabric. It is a versatile size and could be u...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Upholstery, Wood, Rosewood
Contemporary Counter Stool PIA by Dk3, Natural Cordel, White Oil Oak
By Poul Cadovius, DK3
Located in Paris, IDF
Contemporary Counter Stool PIA by Poul Cadovius for Dk3
Materials:
Solid oak frame, paper cordel seat
Dimensions:
B.47 x D.51 x H.85 cm
Seating: B.47 x D.42 x H.65 cm
Wood:
– Oa...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Scandinavian Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Oak
Expertly Restored - Danish Modern Teak
Wool Boucle Stools by Erik Buch
By Erik Buch, Oddense Maskinsnedkeri
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Danish modern teak
wool boucle stools by Erik Buch.
________________________________________
Transforming a piece of Mid-Century Modern furniture ...
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Wool, Teak
Rud Thygesen, Stool, Oak, Denmark, 1970s
By Rud Thygesen and Johnny Sorensen
Located in High Point, NC
A black-painted oak stool designed by Rud Thygesen and produced by Magnus Olsen, Denmark, 1970s.
Seat Height (inches): 16.75"
Category
1970s Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Oak
Danish Designer, Folding Stool, Galvanized Steel, Canvas, Denmark, 1940s
Located in High Point, NC
An off-white canvas and galvanized steel folding stool designed and produced in Denmark, c. 1940s.
seat height 15.75”.
Category
1940s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Steel
Mid Century Danish Plastic Diabolo Stool
By Verner Panton
Located in W Allenhurst, NJ
Great mid century pop mod plastic stool made in Denmark. Cool groovy lines to accentuate any space. Functional as a stool or side table.
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Plastic
Henrik Tengler, HT 2244 Time Stool by One Collection
By Henrik Tengler, Onecollection
Located in Barcelona, Barcelona
He Time stool is a dynamic height adjustable swivel stool on castors, suitable for multiple purposes. The stool was designed in 2017 by Henrik Tengler for t...
Category
Early 2000s Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Steel
$1,609 / item
Jonas Lyndby Jensen Akande Stool For One Collection
Located in Barcelona, Barcelona
Jonas Lyndby Jensen Akande Stool For One Collection
‘Åkande’, translating to Water Lily in Danish, defines a multifaceted furniture series by Jonas Lyndby Jensen, a previous recipie...
Category
2010s Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Oak
$1,019 / item
C Nissen’s Mobelfabrik Patchwork Leather Stool on Casters
Located in Miami, FL
Patchwork leather stool on casters by C Nissen’s Mobelfabrik. The leather covered cushion sits on four casters, is lightweight and easy to move about.
Category
Late 20th Century Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Leather, Plastic
$520 Sale Price
20% Off
White Vintage Stool and Coffee Table, Denmark, 1960
Located in 05-080 Hornowek, PL
Stool and the table from the turn of the 1960s. Beautiful shape and fabric on stool. They are in good original vintage condition - as you see on pictures.
Only one unique set.
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Fabric, Faux Leather, Beech
Danish Modern Teak Stool by ESA, 1950s
By ESA
Located in Asaa, DK
Danish Modern teak stool by ESA, 1950s.
Organically shaped Danish stool in solid teak. Beautifully sculpted seat. Four round legs with club shaped profile (like the Clam Chair), mou...
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Teak
Set of 4 Mid Century Danish Modern Teak Stacking Stools after Alvar Aalto
By Alvar Aalto
Located in Philadelphia, PA
A complete set of four teak stools in the style of Alvar Aalto. Well made in great shape.
Category
1960s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Teak
Danish Modern Three-Legged Wooden Milking Stool Blue White, Mogens Lassen Style
Located in Silkeborg, Silkeborg
Danish modern milking stool in the style of Mogens Lassen.
It´s made of solid pine wood and comes with the original blue and white paint.
The seat is sculpted so it suits your back...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Wood, Pine, Paint
$760 Sale Price
20% Off
Mid Century Faux Fur Orange Vintage Stool, Denmark, 1960
Located in 05-080 Hornowek, PL
Stool from the turn of the 1960s. Beautiful high quality faux fur. The stool consists of an upholstered part, a seat and wooden legs narrowing downwards, characteristic of the 1960s ...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Fabric, Faux Leather, Beech
$178 Sale Price
40% Off
Jonas Lyndby Jensen Akande Stool For One Collection
Located in Barcelona, Barcelona
Jonas Lyndby Jensen Akande Stool For One Collection
‘Åkande’, translating to Water Lily in Danish, defines a multifaceted furniture series by Jonas Lyndby Jensen, a previous recipie...
Category
2010s Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Oak
$1,603 / item
Aldo Bakker
Triangle
Wood Stool or Side Table by Karakter
By Aldo Bakker
Located in Barcelona, Barcelona
Stool or side table designed by Aldo Bakker in 1996.
The Dutch designer, Aldo Bakker, is known for his uncompromising approach to design. This is a perfect example of his work. Tr...
Category
2010s Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Wood
Metal Space Ace Stool, 1970s, Denmark
By Eero Saarinen
Located in Den Haag, NL
Very nice Metal Tulip stool. Comes with a brand new Red upholstery.
1970s.
Category
1970s Space Age Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Metal
Aldo Bakker
Bon
Wood Stool by Karakter
By Aldo Bakker
Located in Barcelona, Barcelona
Stool designed by Aldo Bakker in 2015.
A rework of Dutch artist and designer, Aldo Bakker’s wondrous Pink Stool in urushi lacquer from 2015, Bon in stained ash exudes Bakker’s ac...
Category
2010s Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Wood
$4,750 / item
J36 Stools by Ejvind A. Johansson for FDB Møbler, Denmark, 1960s, Set of 2
By Ejvind A. Johansson, FDB Møbler
Located in Nørre Aaby, DK
Original set of J36 stools designed by Ejvind A. Johansson and produced by FDB Møbler in Denmark, circa 1960s. Finished in original black lacquer, these stools feature clean, archite...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Wood
Solid Wood Folding oak Stool by Poul Hundevad “Gold Hill Chair” 1960s
By Poul Hundevad
Located in Copenhagen, DK
The "Guldhøj Stool" (Model PH 43) by Poul Hundevad is a refined folding stool crafted in oak with original, patinated black leather. Designed in 1958 and produced in the 1960s, it re...
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Oak
Gijs Bakker "Gb Lounge Chair" by Karakter
By Aldo Bakker
Located in Barcelona, Barcelona
Gijs Bakker "GB Lounge chair" by Karakter
Dutch industrial designer Gijs Bakker had already established a reputation for his aluminum jewelry when he decided to turn his attention to designing a chair. Inspired by a competition held by Dunlop, the rubber foam manufacturer, Bakker took a piece of foam, bent it at a 90 degree angle, and fixed it in a metal frame. The result was the GB Lounge, a modular lounge chair whose simple silhouette is enhanced by invitingly overstuffed upholstery.
Originally coined “the Levi’s Chair,” Bakker was determined that his design – much like a pair of well-loved jeans...
Category
2010s Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Wood
$4,899 / item
Teak Stools with Black Leather Tops from Spøttrup Møbelfabrik, 1960s, Set of 2
By Spøttrup Stolefabrik
Located in Nørre Aaby, DK
Elegant pair of teak stools produced by Spøttrup Møbelfabrik in the 1960s. Featuring sleek lines and upholstered in black leather, these stools are both stylish and versatile — perfe...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Teak
Danish Designer, Stool, Oak, Denmark, 1950s
Located in High Point, NC
A solid oak stool, designed and produced in Denmark, 1950s.
Seat Height (inches): 17.38"
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Oak
Tapiovaraa Pine Stool, Denmark 1960
s
By Ilmari Tapiovaara
Located in New York, NY
Slat stool in solid oak with interesting details and construction.
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Pine
Danish Designer, Stools, Metal, Leather, Denmark, 1980s
Located in High Point, NC
A pair of brown leather and metal stools designed and produced in Denmark, c. 1980s.
Seat Height (inches) stool 1: 13.88"
Seat Height (inches) stool 2: 15.88"
Category
1980s Post-Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Steel
Aldo Bakker
Bon
Wood Stool by Karakter
By Aldo Bakker
Located in Barcelona, Barcelona
Stool designed by Aldo Bakker in 2015.
A rework of Dutch artist and designer, Aldo Bakker’s wondrous Pink Stool in urushi lacquer from 2015, Bon in stained ash exudes Bakker’s acco...
Category
2010s Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Wood
$4,750 / item
Solid Teak Stool with woven cord
Located in Berlin, DE
Beautifully crafted Danish modern teak stool, likely a bespoke or limited-run piece from a small Danish workshop in the 1960s. Made of solid teak with tapered round legs and cylindri...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Cord, Teak
Danish Designer, Stool, Oak, Denmark, 1920s
Located in High Point, NC
A dark-stained oak stool designed and produced in Denmark, c. 1920s.
Seat Height (inches): 15.25"
Category
1920s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Oak
Stool Solid in Pine Designed by Martin Nyrop for Rud Rasmussen
By Martin Nyrop, Rud Rasmussen
Located in Lejre, DK
Stool in patinated solid pine. Designed by MAA. Martin Nyrop as interior for Copenhagen town hall in 1905. Made in Denmark by Cabinetmaker Rud Rasmussen cabinetmakers. Great original...
Category
Early 1900s Scandinavian Modern Antique Danish Stools
Materials
Pine
Poul Hundevad, “Guldhøj” Folding Stool, Oak, Natural Leather
By Poul Hundevad
Located in Kastrup, DK
"Guldhøj Stool", Model PH 43
Folding stool designed by Poul Hundevad, the "Guldhøj Stool" is crafted from oak with beautifully patinated cognac-colored leather. The piece remains in ...
Category
Mid-20th Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Leather, Oak
Pair of Mid-Century Modern Bamboo Side Tables or Stools
Located in Haddonfield, NJ
Pair of Low Bamboo Stools or End Tables, Mid 20th Century.
If to be used as side tables, the inside measurements are 44.25 by 44.25 centimeters. Glasstops are not included.
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Bamboo
$870 Sale Price / set
40% Off
Danish Designer, Stools, Oak, Bentwood, Denmark, 1940s
Located in High Point, NC
A set of 4 oak and bentwood stools, designed and produced in Denmark, 1940s.
Dimensions of Each Stool:
17.15" Diameter x 9.75" H
17.15" Diameter x 12.75" H
16.5" Diameter x 10.75" ...
Category
1940s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Oak, Bentwood
Rud Thygesen, Stools, Oak, Laminate, Denmark, 1960s
By Magnus Olesen, Rud Thygesen and Johnny Sorensen
Located in High Point, NC
A pair of oak and beige laminate stools designed by Rud Thygesen and Johnny Sørensen and produced by Magnus Olesen, Denmark, 1960s.
Category
1960s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Laminate, Oak
Fritz Hansen Three Legged Stool by Josef Frank in Elm Wood, 1945, Denmark
By Josef Frank, Fritz Hansen
Located in Odense, DK
Rare and important stool made at Fritz Hansen, Copenhagen in the 1930s and attributed to Josef Frank. The stool is made of a carefully selected piece of elm wood and handmade by a ca...
Category
1940s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Elm
Bon by Aldo Bakker, 2017
By Aldo Bakker
Located in Barcelona, Barcelona
Bon by Aldo Bakker, 2017
A rework of Dutch artist and designer, Aldo Bakker’s wondrous Pink Stool in urushi lacquer from 2015, Bon in stained ash or mahogany exudes Bakker’s accompl...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Mahogany, Lacquer
$4,750 / item
Midcentury Stool Model PH43 Designed by Poul Hundevad, 1960s
By Poul Hundevad
Located in Lejre, DK
Stool in oak and patinated leather, designed and made by Poul Hundevad. Made in Denmark 1950s
Category
1960s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Leather, Oak
Set of Four Midcentury Barstools in Patinated Leather by Piet Hein, 1960s
By Piet Hein, Fritz Hansen
Located in Lejre, DK
Set of four of high stools in metal with patinated leather seats. Designed by Piet Hein for Fritz Hansen. Made in Denmark, great condition. Ideal for the kitchen or in a bar.
Category
1960s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Metal
Set of 3, Early Tripod Dot Stool by Fritz Hansen, Teak and Copper, Denmark 1960s
By Arne Jacobsen, Fritz Hansen
Located in Balen, BE
A original set of 3 early tripod Dot Stools by Fritz Hansen.
In Teak molded plywood with it iconic copper dot rivets. All marked and in original con...
Category
1960s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Metal, Copper
Prototype of a Mogens Lassen stool in lacquered metal, Denmark 1930’s
By Mogens Lassen
Located in Valby, 84
Rare Prototype of a Mogens Lassen tractor seat stool in black lacquered metal made in Denmark in the 1930’s.
The stool is a prototype of the tractor seat stool that can be seen used ...
Category
1930s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Metal
1950s Danish Stool by Ejner Larsen
Aksel Bender Madsen for Willy Beck
By Willy Beck, Ejner Larsen and Aksel Bender Madsen
Located in Philadelphia, PA
This is a handsome solidly constructed Danish stool, featuring tapered teak dowel legs, and newly reupholstered in full grain black leather. This piece was designed by Aksel Bender M...
Category
1950s Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Leather, Teak
AP 30 - Piano stool in oak by Hans J. Wegner
By Hans J. Wegner
Located in Copenhagen, DK
AP 30 - Piano stool in oak with seat in patinated black leather. Stamped from manufacturer AP Stolen.
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Leather, Oak
$5,124 / item
Pair of Kurt Østervig Bar Stools for Brande Møbelindustri
By Brande Møbelindustri, Kurt Østervig
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Pair of teak stools by Danish born designer Kurt Østervig for Brande Mobelindustri, c.1960s, Denmark. The stools feature a round seat and curved seat back. Each stool has four long s...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Brass
A set of industrial adjustable Danish metal chairs from the 1960´s
Located in Copenhagen, DK
A set of adjustable industrial stools from the 1960´s Denmark
Category
1960s Industrial Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Metal
Danish Modern 1960s Low Back Bar Stool in Dark Stained Beech with Vinyl Seat
Located in Lisboa, PT
This Danish Modern low-back bar stool from the 1960s is a fine example of Scandinavian craftsmanship and functional design. Built in solid dark-stained beech wood, the stool is defin...
Category
1960s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Faux Leather, Beech
$712 Sale Price
20% Off
Mid-Century Beech Stool with Brown Leather Seat, Denmark, 1950s
Located in Nørre Aaby, DK
Charming mid-century stool crafted in beech wood with original brown leather upholstery. Produced by a Danish furniture maker around the 1950s, this piece reflects the clean lines an...
Category
1950s Mid-Century Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Leather, Beech
Folding stool by Peter Hvidt
Orla Mølgaard-Nielsen, Denmark 1959
By Orla Mølgaard-Nielsen, Peter Hvidt, Ludvig Pontoppidan
Located in Antwerp, BE
Rare folding stool designed by Peter Hvidt & Orla Mølgaard-Nielsen for Ludvig Pontoppidan, Denmark 1959. This chair is made out of solid oak and still has the original black leather ...
Category
1950s Scandinavian Modern Vintage Danish Stools
Materials
Leather, Oak
$1,425 Sale Price
20% Off
Counter Stool
BAIA
by Kensaku Oshiro x DK3, Chrome Frame, Blue Fabric
By Kensaku Oshiro, DK3
Located in Paris, IDF
BAIA Counter Stool
Steel frame, wooden or upholstered backrest
Model shown on main image:
Frame: Chrome
Backrest: Fabric
Fabric: Alpaca 1108
Dimensions:
H.89 x 58 x 50 cm / Seat he...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Scandinavian Modern Danish Stools
Materials
Steel, Chrome
Read More
This Chubby-Chic Quilted Stool Stands on Its Own Two Feet
Sam Klemick's cool stool is edgy, cozy and environmentally sustainable all at once.
Light and Dwell Brings Elegance and Ease to an Oregon Wine Country Estate
Molly Kidd lets her affection for France shine through in a new-build home that has the character of a centuries-old villa but still feels light and fresh.
JF Chen Moves Stools Out of the Corner and into the Spotlight
In Los Angeles, dealer Joel Chen gives the often clever and always versatile seats some long-overdue attention.
The Process: Scagliola Is the Swirly Faux Marble You Never Knew You Loved
The ancient decorative plaster still captivates as it did in the 17th century.
Tour the Wabi-Sabi New York Apartment of Andrianna Shamaris
As her sun-filled home reveals, the furniture maker and dealer puts a contemporary spin on antiques from around the globe.
How Designers Use Stools in Unexpected Ways
Form and function collide in these little workhorses.