Sculptures in Los Angeles
to
244
751
255
43
31
119
601
298
102
251
157
48
2
8
10
9
35
58
58
39
21
139
124
29
27
15
11
9
8
6
5
3
2
1
1
498
207
197
194
128
21,882
20,061
471
436
347
138
133
Height
to
Width
to
1,049
900
1,025
71
50
10
9
7
Item Ships From: Los Angeles
Monumental Plaster Sculpture
Located in Los Angeles, CA
This large work of art molded during the early 1900's is signed by the artist. The winged bearded man is in good condition for its age, and on a solid wood structure. The sculpture...
Category
1910s French Art Nouveau Vintage Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Plaster, Wood
Tanya Ragir Bronze Sculpture "TOTEM"
By Tanya Ragir
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Edition of 9 with 2 pieces remaining in the edition
Measures: 18.5 x 5.5 x 5.5 inches
If you are coming to our show room to see a piece please call ahead of time because due to our ...
Category
Late 20th Century American Modern Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Bronze
Contemporary Penguin Sculpture in Copper and White Bronze by Robert Kuo
By Robert Kuo
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Penguin sculpture
Black copper
White bronze
Hand repoussé
Limited edition
Repoussé is the traditional art of hand-hammering decorative relief onto sheet metal. The technique i...
Category
2010s Modern Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Copper
French 19th/20th Century Bronze of a Fairy “Lutin des Bois”, After Luca Madrassi
By Luca Madrassi
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A Fine French 19th/20th Century Patinated Bronze Figure titled “Lutin des Bois” (Woodland Fairy or Elf) after Luca Madrassi (Italian, 1869-1914). The beautifully executed slender fig...
Category
Early 1900s French Belle Époque Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Bronze
$9,850 Sale Price
46% Off
Solid Brass Elephant stand with Ostrich Egg
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A whimsical and unique way to display an ostrich egg or a large sphere or bowl. Thie piece comes with an Ostrich egg - it's a perfect paring.
A complement on any shelf, cocktail ta...
Category
20th Century Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Brass
Chinese Set of Eighteen Blanc de Chine Enameled Ceramic Arhats or Luohan Buddhas
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A rare set of eighteen Blanc de Chine Style Enameled - Glazed Ceramic Arhat, also known as Luohans, the disciples of Buddha, each bearing the mark and style of the Chinese maker Zeng Longsheng. The Eighteen Arhats (or Luohan) (Chinese: ????; pinyin: Shíba Luóhàn; Wade–Giles: Shih-pa Lo-han) are depicted in Mahayana Buddhism as the original followers of Gautama Buddha (arhat) who have followed the Noble Eightfold Path...
Category
Mid-20th Century Chinese Tibetan Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Ceramic
$18,950 Sale Price / set
45% Off
Grotto Metal Footed Dish, a Pair
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Beautiful pair of metal footed dish grotto style with men riding giant fish figurines. This pair includes a glass insert. Great carving details.
Category
Mid-19th Century Italian Other Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Metal
$1,100 / set
Signed Brass and Copper Rhino by Mexican Artist, Sergio Bustamante
By Sergio Bustamante
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Signed Brass and Copper Rhino by Mexican Artist, Sergio Bustamante - monumental in size at 5' long
Please see our other unique and rare Bustamante pieces.
Category
20th Century Mexican Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Brass, Copper
Italian 19th-20th Century Marble Group "Allegory to Music" Children
s Orchestra
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A very fine and large Italian 19th-20th century Carrara marble group "Allegory to Music" depicting five Bacchic putti musicians playing various instruments. The finely carved Palatia...
Category
Early 1900s Italian Beaux Arts Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Carrara Marble
$84,500 Sale Price
41% Off
Pair of Ostrich Eggs on Matching Solid Brass Bases
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A Pair of Ostrich Eggs on matching brass stands. These work well on a dining table, flanking a fireplace or console, or placed in two different spaces.
The bases are actually sli...
Category
20th Century Rustic Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Brass
Candle Lit Mask Sconce, 1960s Italy
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Fantastic sculptural clay mask candle sconce made in Italy. Hand made in an aged adobe color with a place for a single candle inside. Mask has a metal frame which gives the piece a n...
Category
1960s Italian Vintage Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Metal
Fine 19th Century White Marble Sculpture of “Rebecca at the Well”
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A Fine 19th century white marble sculpture of “Rebecca at The Well” depicting a Classical maiden wearing a robe, with one breast semi-exposed, stan...
Category
Late 19th Century Unknown Neoclassical Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Marble
$14,850 Sale Price
57% Off
Giacometti-Style Bronze Dove Sculpture with Closed Wings
By Ilana Goor
Located in LOS ANGELES, CA
Rare bronze sculptural piece by celebrated Israeli artist and sculptor, Ilana Goor. Giacometti-style sculpture made in solid bronze with bea...
Category
Late 20th Century Israeli Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Bronze
19th Century French Bronze Animal Sculptures
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Pair of finely chaste bronze and dore bronze of dog and cat. Very life like.
Category
19th Century French Neoclassical Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Bronze
$9,500 / set
Set of 36 Hand Carved Phallus Sculptures, 2025 USA
By Polina Perl
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A celebration of shape, diversity, and a little cheeky humor, this sculptural installation brings together an army of proud forms, each unique in hue, proportion, and personality. Ha...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary American Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Clay
$32,000 / set
19th Century Italian Giltwood Cherub on Carved Plinth Base
Located in Los Angeles, CA
An exquisite 19th-century Italian giltwood cherub figure, beautifully hand-carved and seated atop a stepped architectural plinth. The cherub, rendered in expressive Baroque style, fe...
Category
Late 19th Century Italian Baroque Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Giltwood
Brass Doberman Bookends with Marble Base
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A pair of patinated guard dogs for your books. Marble base steadies the books, so dogs appear to be jumping, rather than pressing against the books. A compliment to any bookshelf.
Category
20th Century Mid-Century Modern Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Marble, Brass
$425 / set
Hand-Carved Anatomical Horse Model on Stand
Located in Los Angeles, CA
This detailed hand-carved wooden horse model showcases anatomical musculature and skeletal definition, making it both artistic and educational. The horse is posed in a dynamic stance...
Category
1950s Italian Modern Vintage Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Wood
A French 19th-20th C. Orientalist Spelter Lamp of an Arab - Middle-Easten Man
By P. Rigual
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A French 19th-20th Century Orientalist Style Cold Painted Spelter Figural Lamp-Torchere, by Barcelona born artist Pedro Ramon Rigual (1863-1917). T...
Category
Early 1900s French Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Spelter
Silver Repoussé Serving Spoon with Peacock
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A most wonderful addition to any table - a serving spoon that will make your friends talk to each other. An intricately detailed Repoussé peacock handled spoon. One of the most impre...
Category
20th Century European Baroque Revival Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Silver
Antique Hand-Carved Wooden Rocking Horses – Rustic Folk Art Pair, 23”
15.5" H
Located in West Hollywood, CA
This exquisite pair of antique hand-carved wooden rocking horses brings timeless charm and craftsmanship to any space. Each horse is meticulously sculpted from solid wood, showcasing...
Category
Mid-20th Century Asian Rustic Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Wood
$688 Sale Price
29% Off
Grégoire Calvet
French, 1871-1928
19th Century Marble Sculpture of a Nude Girl
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Grégoire Calvet (French, 1871-1928) A Fine Late 19th Century Life-Size White Marble Sculpture representing "Peace & Love". The beautifully carved white...
Category
Late 19th Century French Art Nouveau Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Carrara Marble, Ormolu
$32,950 Sale Price
61% Off
In Stock in Los Angeles, Donald Duck Monochrome Blue Pop Sculpture Figurine
By Walt Disney
Located in Beverly Hills, CA
Scroll down and click "view all from Seller" to see more than 400 other unique products.
Donald duck monochrome blue, original pop sculpture figurine
Measures: Height 10.6" (27 cm)
...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary French Modern Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Plastic
$237 Sale Price
40% Off
Lifesize French 19th-20th Century Carved Marble Sculpture of "Venus and Cupid"
By Félix Charpentier
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A lifesize French 19th-20th century carved marble sculpture of "Venus and Cupid" In the manner of Felix Maurice Charpentier (French, 1858-1924). The tall and slender nude figure of a...
Category
Early 1900s French Greco Roman Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Marble
Grand Tour Carved Marble Bust of Louis XIV, Italy, 19th Century
Located in Los Angeles, CA
An elegant 19th-century Italian marble bust, finely carved during the Grand Tour period. The sculpture portrays Louis XIV in period attire, with a sash draped across his chest and me...
Category
Early 19th Century Italian Modern Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Marble
Set of 3 Murano Ducks
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Set of 3 vintage hand blown Murano glass ducks infused with gold flecks, with Swarovski crystal eyes / Made in Italy, circa 1980s
"Murano Glass" etc...
Category
Late 20th Century Italian Modern Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Murano Glass
$900 Sale Price / set
40% Off
Sculptural Metal Hanging Mobile, 1992
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Sculptural metal mobile signed and dated '92. Made up of 5 semi-circular metal pieces. Black, blue, red, yellow and white. Each level slowly rotates while hanging. Great piece of art.
Category
1990s American Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Sheet Metal
Harvey Weiss Bronze Brutalist Figural Sculpture
By Harvey Weiss
Located in New York, NY
Fabulous Harvey Weiss (1922-2007) Figural bronze Brutalist sculpture. Laying on her side this nude is a unique blend of shapes, textures and layers.
Weis...
Category
1960s North American Vintage Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Bronze
Murano Glass Head Sculpture attributed to Alfredo Barbini
Located in New York, NY
Rare and stunning Murano glass head sculpture with nose ring in dark chocolate with Iridescence highlights and slight scavo finish. Masterfully creat...
Category
1950s Italian Vintage Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Glass
California Modern Enameled Bird Family Sculpture by Curtis Jere
By Curtis Jeré, Artisan House
Located in Los Angeles, CA
California Modern Enameled Bird Family Sculpture by Curtis Jere
Category
1960s American Mid-Century Modern Vintage Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Metal, Brass
Fine Pair of French 19th Century Marble and Gilt Bronze-Mounted Flambeaux Urns
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A fine pair of French 19th century Rouge-Royal marble and figural gilt bronze-mounted flambeaux urns surmounted with four ormolu figures of dolphins supporting the center urn with th...
Category
19th Century French Louis XV Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Marble, Bronze
$19,850 Sale Price / set
43% Off
French 19th Century Terracotta Bust of Madame Récamier, After Jean-Antoine Houdo
By Jean-Antoine Houdon
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A fine French 19th century terracotta bust of "Madame Récamier (French, 1777-1849)" The coyly gazing downward beauty, holding a veil across her chest r...
Category
19th Century French Neoclassical Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Terracotta
After Odoardo Tabacchi, Italian 19th Century "La Tuffolina" the Diver
By Odoardo Tabacchi
Located in Los Angeles, CA
After Odoardo Tabacchi (1831-1905) a very fine Italian 19th century patinated bronze figure of "La Tuffolina" (The Diver). The finely cast brown patin...
Category
Late 19th Century Italian Beaux Arts Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Bronze
$9,850 Sale Price
33% Off
Mounted Custom Head Dress from Broadway Show
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A wonderful hand crafted Head Dress from a Broadway Production, acquired in NYC.
The piece is made of wood skewers, beads, crystal, crosses and material - all cast in gold - and whi...
Category
20th Century Organic Modern Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Rock Crystal, Wrought Iron
Early 20th Century English Cast Stone Lion Garden Statue with Weathered Patina
Located in West Hollywood, CA
An impressive early 20th-century cast stone lion statue, beautifully aged with a natural patina and mossy surface that reflects decades of outdoor exposure. This striking garden orna...
Category
Early 20th Century English Classical Greek Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Cast Stone
French 18th-19th Century Copper Overlaid Relief Medallion of Antoine Lavoisier
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A large and Rare French 18th-19th century Copper Overlaid Portrayal Relief Medallion of The Renown French Chemist ANTOINE LAVOISIER (1743-1794). The ...
Category
Early 1800s French Directoire Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Copper
$13,850 Sale Price
60% Off
Petrified Wood Obelisks Set of 2
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Petrified Wood Obelisks Set of 2
Category
21st Century and Contemporary Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Wood
$900 / set
Salviati Murano Glass Bird Attb to Luciano Gaspari
By Luciano Gaspari, Salviati
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Beautiful stylized Murano glass bird made by Salviati , and attributed to Luciano Gaspari .
Category
Mid-20th Century Italian Modern Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Murano Glass
Fine French 19th Century Bronze Figure of "Milo of Croton
Lion" After Falconet
By Étienne Maurice Falconet
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A very fine French 19th century Patinated bronze Figure of "Milo of Croton and the Lion" after the marble sculpture of Milon de Crotone by renown French...
Category
19th Century French Baroque Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Marble, Bronze
$12,450 Sale Price
32% Off
Solid Bronze Female Torso II
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Solid bronze sculpture. This piece features the female form. A beautiful display piece for a shelf or paperweight. Signed G. Shaw.
Dimensions
2" width x 2.25" depth x 4.75" height.
...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Bronze
English Bronze Dish in the Shape of a Pig
Located in Los Angeles, CA
This small dish or wall hanging (has a hook on the reverse).
The piece is a very nice English Bronze and makes a great desk accessory or decorative piece. Can be used for desk or w...
Category
20th Century English Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Bronze
Delightful Pair of Colorful Otto Gerharz Vintage 1970s Ceramic Bulls
By Otto Keramik
Located in LA, CA
A playful pair of Vintage German ceramic bull figurines by master mid century ceramicist Otto Gerharz, one in earthy brown tones and the other in contrasting orange and green tones.
Category
Late 20th Century German Mid-Century Modern Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Ceramic
Pair of C2C Designs, a Resin Based Sculptural Ear and Nose Bookend Set
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A wonderful pair of iconic C2 Design bookends. The pair combine a combination pop Nose and Ear. The resin has a stone look and are very popular. The pai...
Category
20th Century Mid-Century Modern Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Resin, Acrylic
Cenedese Aquarium /Fish Tank Murano Glass, Sculpture/Paperweight Attr Licata
By Cenedese, Riccardo Licata
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Great aquarium, fish tank in Murano Glass, by Cenedese and attributed to Riccardo Licata, well known Murano artist. This is an early piece with a big fish, t...
Category
Mid-20th Century Italian Modern Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Glass
Pair of Ostrich Eggs on Male and Female Modernist Metal Figures
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A pair of Ostrich Eggs on a pair of Modernist metal figures. The metal could be Aluminum or iron - the high concept pieces take an Organic, yet stunning, element and pair them with ...
Category
20th Century Modern Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Metal
Grotto Metal Footed Dish, a Pair
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Beautiful pair of metal footed dish grotto style with men riding giant fish hunting figurines. Great carving details.
Category
Mid-19th Century Italian Other Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Metal
$1,100 / set
Fine Italian 19th Century Marble Sculpture
Baby
s First Bath
- Felice Corsetti
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A Very Fine and Charming Italian Late 19th to early 20th-Century Carrara Marble Sculpture Titled 'Primo Bagno' (Child's First Bath). The whimsical carved marble sculpture depicts a j...
Category
Early 1900s Italian Belle Époque Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Carrara Marble
Italian 19th Century Carved Carrara Marble Figural Fountain Jardinière Planter
By Giovanni Battista Lombardi
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A very fine Italian 19th century carved Carrara marble figural fountain "Jardinière" modelled as a standing Putto and a Satyr supporting a sea-sh...
Category
19th Century Italian Baroque Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Carrara Marble
$28,950 Sale Price
35% Off
Unique Abstract Ceramic Figure in the Manner of Jacques Pouchain
By Jacques Pouchain
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Ceramic figure 1960s Signed hat the Artist on the back . This is a very outstanding and unique decorative figure. Chic and understated.
Category
Mid-20th Century French Mid-Century Modern Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Ceramic
Two Rare Signed Hand Blown Glass Sculptures by John Bingham
By John Bingham
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Set of two clear art glass orb sculptures by John Bingham, circa 1980. Signed (engraved) "John Bingham" the base of the rims.
Dimensions listed are for the larger of the two.
S...
Category
1980s American Post-Modern Vintage Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Art Glass
Palatial Pair of French Baroque Style 19th Century Carved Marble Sitting Lions
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A Very Fine and Palatial Pair of French Baroque Revival Style 19th Century Carved Marble Sitting Lions, the very realistic carved pair of posing lions with fine attention to detail, ...
Category
Late 19th Century French Baroque Revival Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Marble
$26,911 Sale Price / set
23% Off
Rain Hanging Sculpture by Karolina Maszkiewicz
Located in Geneve, CH
Rain Hanging Sculpture by Karolina Maszkiewicz
One Of A Kind.
Dimensions: D 91.4 x W 91.4 x H 177.8 cm.
Materials: White bronze, stainless steel,...
Category
2010s American Modern Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Other, Bronze, Stainless Steel
$25,931 / item
Abstract Sculpture by Alwy Visschedyk
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Beautiful abstract wood sculpture by Alwy Visschedyk, hand-signed. American, 1994.
Category
1990s American Mid-Century Modern Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Wood
$2,240 Sale Price
20% Off
Susi Singer Terracotta, Pottery/Ceramic Sculpture Girl, Signed, Gudrun Baudisch
By Gudrun Baudisch, Susi Singer
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Very nice terracotta girl by the well known Austrian artist Susi singer. Made by Gudrun Baudisch. (SS). Made in Austria.
Category
1920s Austrian Art Deco Vintage Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Ceramic, Terracotta
SILVER Armchair, 21st Century by Mattia Biagi
By Mattia Biagi
Located in Culver City, CA
This is a new work by Mattia Biagi
Sculptural chair with collage on wood.
Category
21st Century and Contemporary American Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Metal
$3,600 Sale Price
20% Off
French Bronze of Napoleon Marching in Waterloo After Marius-Jean-Antonin Mercié
By Marius Jean Antonin Mercié
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A Fine and Large French Early 20th Century Bronze of Napoleon Marching in Waterloo Cast after a model by Marius-Jean-Antonin Mercié (French, 1845-1916). The impressive bronze sculptu...
Category
Early 1900s French Empire Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Bronze
Bronze Horse Head Sculpture on Travertine Base
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A striking bronze horse head sculpture with a rich green and brown patina, mounted on a solid travertine base. The expressive form captures strength and elegance, with a textured sur...
Category
Early 1900s Italian Modern Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Travertine, Bronze
Leather Studded Helmet Mounted on Custom Iron Stand
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A rather curious helmet of leather and metal studs. The horns and shape are quite interesting. While we believe this to be for a pet, we are uncertain as the straps are rather long...
Category
20th Century Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Metal
Hollywood Sign Artist Model
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Fun piece of Los Angeles artwork. Hollywood sign made as an artist's model to make larger versions at a later time. Letters are perfect scale. Made of w...
Category
Early 2000s American Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Metal
$2,800 / set
French 19th Century, Whimsical Rococo Style Marble Carved Planter with Children
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A fine French 19th century whimsical Rococo style white marble carved planter jardinière with figures of playful Putti 'Children' playing with a goats among trees and vines, raised o...
Category
19th Century French Rococo Revival Antique Sculptures in Los Angeles
Materials
Marble
Read More
He Wrote ‘Oedipus Rex,’ but Do You Know What He Looked Like?
The Greek tragedian is said to have been handsome in his day.
These Soft Sculptures Are Childhood Imaginary Friends Come to Life
Miami artist and designer Gabriela Noelle’s fantastical creations appeal to the Peter Pan in all of us.
Salvatori Commissioned Several Famous Architects to Create Miniature Homes in Stone
Gabriele Salvatori explains how the COVID lockdowns inspired his design company's latest collection, the Village.
Christopher Norman Is Turning the Cast-Off Urban Trees of Los Angeles into Art
With a World War II–era milling machine, the California artist crafts poetic, sculptural furniture pieces.
These Human-Size Ceramic Hares Evoke Serious Emotions
Swedish artist Margit Brundin's large anthropomorphic animal sculptures are on view for the first time in the United States at Dienst + Dotter Antikviteter, in New York.
Tour the Wabi-Sabi New York Apartment of Andrianna Shamaris
As her sun-filled home reveals, the furniture maker and dealer puts a contemporary spin on antiques from around the globe.
Vicente Wolf’s Tips for Finding — and Living with — Eastern Treasures
The A-list designer shares his expertise on choosing authentic objects and displaying them with style.
Rodrigo Rivero Lake’s Mexico City Showroom Is a Museum-Worthy Trove of Spanish Colonial and Asian Antiques
The dealer and curator has spent the past 50 years amassing a collection of exceptional art, furniture and architectural elements that trace the cultural influence of the Spanish empire from Europe to the Americas and beyond.
Still Thinking About These?
All Recently ViewedMore Ways To Browse
Turtle Stones
Used Life Raft
Used Wolf Forms
Venini Fish
Venus Crouching
Vintage Beswick Pottery
Vintage Cat Ring Holder
Vintage Elephant Tusks
Vintage Lucite Owl
Vintage Marionette Puppets
Vintage Santini Sculpture
Volkstedt Rudolstadt
Wallace Sculpture
White Ceramic Cat
Wolf Carved
Woman Playing Harp
Wooden Deer
Wood Nude Torso