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Sale Items
Antique Church Drawing, Lovely Wall Decoration Painting Signed Frans Vanderveken
Located in Wembley, GB
This stunning vintage painting of a Belgian church located in Gent, 3 Torens Belgium Baudelostraat 9B/9b - is a one-of-a-kind piece that will add beauty and elegance to any space. Cr...
Category
Vintage 1950s Belgian Art Deco Paintings
Materials
Organic Material, Parchment Paper, Paper, Paint
$611 Sale Price
61% Off
Hawaiian Airbrush Nude on Paper by Mundorff Honolulu in Bamboo Frame, 1945
Located in Van Nuys, CA
Early Mid-century WWII wartime Hawaiian airbrush artwork nude featuring young topless women on an island beach with a palm tree overhead. The airbrush was done on Paper signed by the...
Category
Vintage 1940s American Paintings
Materials
Paper
$292 Sale Price
35% Off
Oil Painting on Canvas English Landscape, Late 19th Century
Located in Casale Monferrato, IT
We present this splendid oil on canvas painting from the English school dating back to the end of the 19th century. The painting has a signature on the lower right but the author has...
Category
Antique Late 19th Century English Paintings
Materials
Canvas
$2,366 Sale Price
20% Off
19th Century Impressionist Oil Painting, Original Frame, Eugene Delacroix, 1830s
By Eugène Delacroix
Located in Berlin, DE
Oil painting (framed)
Artist: Unknown (style of Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863).
Date: 19th century Title: French lieutenant on horseback leading a Bedouin cavalry.
Medium: Oil on...
Category
Antique 1830s French Empire Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Wood
$4,757 Sale Price
40% Off
Large 19th Century English Oil Painting -Five Hunting Dogs- signed E. Armfield.
By Edward Armfield
Located in Vero Beach, FL
Large 19th Century English Oil Painting -Five Hunting Dogs- signed E. Armfield.
Large, signed painting in oil on canvas. This ...
Category
Antique 19th Century English Victorian Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Giltwood
$4,504 Sale Price
20% Off
After Harry Roseland African American Oil Painting
Located in Long Island City, NY
Oil on canvas painting. After Harry Roseland, 1867 to 1950, an American genre artist known primarily for paintings centered on poor African-Americans. One of his most popular subjects were his paintings of black women...
Category
Early 20th Century American Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Paint
$3,375 Sale Price
25% Off
Siqueiros Glass Mural Painting Unique Piece, Mexican Muralist, 6.56 F by 11.48 F
By David Alfaro Siqueiros
Located in Miami, FL
Mural composed of twenty plates of approximately 49 by 70 centimeters, glass with quicksilver technique (painted on the back), cast and painted silver leaves giving a set of textures...
Category
Vintage 1940s Central American Pre-Columbian Paintings
Materials
Glass
$960,000 Sale Price
20% Off
Egidio Riva Original Floral Still Life Painting, 1866-1946
Located in Toledo, OH
Original painting on board floral still life by Egigio Riva 1866-1946. Frame has wear. Painting is on board. Image size is 19.40" W x 28.50" H, Overall Dimensions: 2" depth x 26.25" ...
Category
20th Century Other Paintings
Materials
Wood
$750 Sale Price
21% Off
Framed Mid Century Vintage Seascape Print Wall Decor Large 41 by 29
Located in Peoria, AZ
Absolutely Stunning!
MID CENTURY
EXPRESSIONIST SEASCAPE
Large
Approx. 29" x 41"
Beautiful Mid Century Wood Frame
This is a wonderful and eye-catching seascape!
This print and frame is in fine vintage shape with age appropriate wear.
It is a most romantic and vibrant seascape combining the unrelenting power of the sea with the sun lit heavens!
Vintage mid century prints...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Paintings
Materials
Velvet, Wood
$1,200 Sale Price
20% Off
Horse
s Portrait Oil Painting
Located in Alessandria, Piemonte
This was my favorite horse: 40 years ago. I can still see him from the window.
ref. O/5149
Category
Vintage 1980s Italian Other Paintings
Materials
Masonite
$899 Sale Price
20% Off
Pair French 18th-19th Century Chinoiserie Circle of Jean B. Pillement
By Jean-Baptiste Pillement
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A fine pair of French 18th-19th century whimsical rococo style chinoiserie oil on canvas, circle of Jean-Baptiste Pillement. (French, 1728-1808). One oil painting depicting an outdoor patio scene of a standing young mother, holding a fan, with her three young children playing with a horse-toy, a parrot and a cat, all surrounded by flowers, plants, trees, planters and flanked by a dragon fountain...
Category
Antique Late 18th Century French Chinoiserie Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Giltwood
$58,950 Sale Price / set
52% Off
German 19th Century Oil on Canvas Triptych of Cherubs by Ferdinand Wagner II
By Ferdinand Wagner II 1
Located in Los Angeles, CA
Ferdinand Wagner II (German, 1847-1927) A very fine and charming triptych group of three oil on canvas laid on board titled "An Allegory to Spring" each panel depicting different playful and joyous scenes of putti and a cherubs reminiscent of spring, love and peace. The center panel depicting a seated putto, crowned with flowers, a standing putto behind him holding a sack of arrows and a seated cherub facing him next to a watchful peace dove on top resting of a flower bouquet. The left panel depicting a seated putto next to a standing putto with a freshly harvested apple. The right side panel depicting a standing cherub holding a fig branches with leaves. All three-in-one panels within individually carved giltwood frames. All panels signed at the lower left: Ferd. Wagner, circa 1890.
Ferdinand Wagner II (German, 1847-1927) was the son of Passau Ferdinand Wagner Senior, a teacher at a vocational art school who began training him professionally at a young age. After traveling to Italy in 1867-1868, he continued with his art studies at The Munich Academy of Arts led by Peter Von Cornelius and Julius Schnorr...
Category
Antique Late 19th Century German Rococo Revival Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Wood
$39,850 Sale Price
53% Off
A Large Oil on Canvas Painting of "Sergius Galba", A Roman Emperor, After Titian
Located in Long Island City, NY
A Large Oil on Canvas Painting of "Sergius Galba", A Roman Emperor, After Titian
Mid 19th century, circa 1860.
Portrait of Sergius Galba, almost th...
Category
Antique 19th Century Unknown Paintings
Materials
Canvas
$7,200 Sale Price
60% Off
Japanese Showa Period Peacocks Painted on Silk
Located in Rio Vista, CA
Colorful Japanese ink and color on silk Showa painting of a pair of peacocks. Vivid colors and beautiful details with a signature and seal on right side bottom. Framed in a midcentur...
Category
20th Century Japanese Showa Paintings and Screens
Materials
Silk, Plexiglass, Paper, Wood
$1,440 Sale Price
20% Off
Large 1956 Abstract Expressionist Oil Painting on Canvas by R. Post
Located in Chicago, IL
Terrific oil painting on canvass signed R.Post. Abstract Expressionist color and movement with cubist style shapes created by intersecting straight and curved lines. Ochre, teal, bla...
Category
Vintage 1950s American Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Wood
$2,800 Sale Price
20% Off
Contemporary Abstract Georges Mathieu Style Painting
By Georges Mathieu
Located in Roma, IT
Very interesting French painting in the style of the important artist Georges Mathieu
Oli on panel
Signed at lower left
This painting, never before on the market, comes from a private collection and is beautified by an impressive modern frame in silvered metal, in almost perfect condition.
The painting is also protected by glass
Unframed dimensions cm 35.5 x 26
Georges Mathieu (27 January 1921 – 10 June 2012) was a French abstract painter...
Category
Vintage 1970s French Modern Paintings
Materials
Metal
$781 Sale Price
40% Off
Abstract Painting by Cuban Artist Hiremio Santaolaya "Autocontemplacion", 2019
By Hiremio Garcia Santaolaya
Located in Miami, FL
Abstract painting by Cuban artist Hiremio Santaolaya "Autocontemplacion", 2019
Offered for sale is a figurative abstract acrylic on canva...
Category
21st Century and Contemporary American Modern Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Acrylic, Wood
$3,200 Sale Price
28% Off
Monumental Bohemian Tiki Pastel Painting Tropical Nude MCM Faux Bamboo Frame 66"
Located in Dayton, OH
Immense mid 20th century pastel painting on board by Hilbert R. Whiteman, depicting a tropical fantasy scene featuring a topless brunette woman surrounded by terracotta sculptures, l...
Category
Mid-20th Century Mid-Century Modern Paintings
Materials
Bamboo, Hardwood, Paint
$1,120 Sale Price
30% Off
French 19th Century Louis XV
Vernis Martin Style Giltwood Fireplace Screen
By Vernis Martin
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A very Fine and rare French 19th century Louis XV style giltwood carved Vernis Martin Stylefl fireplace screen. The rectangular carved giltwood panel surmounted with four circular oil paintings...
Category
Antique Late 19th Century French Louis XV Fireplaces and Mantels
Materials
Wood, Giltwood
$6,985 Sale Price
62% Off
Vintage Eduard Enzmann Alpine Church Landscape Oil Painting on Board 20"
Located in Dayton, OH
Early to mid 20th century oil on board landscape painting depicting a church steeple in a little Alpine mountain village. Signed Enzmann in lower right. Beveled wood frame.
"Eduard ...
Category
Early 20th Century Black Forest Paintings
Materials
Paint
$164 Sale Price
30% Off
Pair of 19th Century Chinese Ancestor Portraits, Large Size, Framed
Located in Doylestown, PA
A nice pair of Chinese ancestor family group portraits, 19th century, on paper, framed in teak frames under glass. Twelve characters total in per...
Category
Antique 19th Century Chinese Qing Paintings
Materials
Paper
$4,200 Sale Price / set
23% Off
Louis XVI Style Trumeau Panel with Trompe L
oeil Mirror Panel
Located in Nashville, TN
Possibly late 18th century but most likely 19th century painted arched painted panel. Either a panel intended for a trumeau or to be inset into wall boiserie as a trumeau. The upper ...
Category
Antique 1830s French Louis XVI Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Paint
$1,440 Sale Price
20% Off
Pierre Girard Country Landscape Watercolor, 1854, France
Located in Beuzevillette, FR
Beautiful watercolor landscape of the countryside. Two people are walking on a pontoon towards their cottage with their dog. The colors are soft and the horizon seems blurred, which ...
Category
Antique 1850s French Paintings
Materials
Canvas
$833 Sale Price
20% Off
1960s Mid Century Modern Abstract Bridge Painting Signed by Gillingham
Located in Delray Beach, FL
Step into the vibrant world of the 1960s with the Mid Century Modern Abstract Bridge Painting by Gillingham. This original oil on canvas piece, signed by Gillingham on the middle rig...
Category
Vintage 1960s North American Mid-Century Modern Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Wood
$680 Sale Price
20% Off
Framed Painting Representing Bohemian Gypsy Cartomancer, Signed Callewaert, 1940
Located in Beuzevillette, FR
Painting of a Gypsy, Bohemian woman drawing the cards.
Representation of a Cartomancer and Fortune Teller.
Oil on canvas.
Very well represented.
fine and pleasant features.
Delicate work.
Signed lower right by M. Callewaert
circa 1940
Maurice CALLEWAERT is a Belgian artist born in Belgium in 1900 and died in France in Paris in 1986. Belgian painter from West Flanders...
Category
Vintage 1940s Belgian Modern Paintings
Materials
Paint
$1,136 Sale Price
20% Off
Silver Russian Icon Painting With Hall Marks 20thC
Located in Big Flats, NY
Silver Russian Icon Painting With Hall Marks 20thC
Measures- 5.75"H x 5"W x .25"D
A finey crafted 20th-century Russian icon featuring a silver oklad (cover) with intricate repoussé w...
Category
20th Century Paintings
Materials
Paint
$360 Sale Price
20% Off
Painting Of Young Girls By Anna Salvatore
Located in Norwood, NJ
Anna Salvatore (1923-1978), Italy. Midcentury beauty featuring two young sisters stylistically painted with colors of the time.
Category
Mid-20th Century Italian Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Paint
$1,500 Sale Price
31% Off
Italian Mountain Valley Oil Painting on Board, Signed A. Scocchera
Located in Casale Monferrato, IT
We present this fantastic oil painting on plywood dating back to the early decades of the 20th century. The painting bears the signature A. Scocchera at the bottom left (see photo). ...
Category
20th Century Italian Paintings
Materials
Plywood
$1,694 Sale Price
48% Off
Large Abstract Oil on Canvas by Lee Reynolds Burr For Vanguard Studios
By Lee Reynolds
Located in Redding, CT
Large abstract oil on canvas by Lee Reynolds Burr for Vanguard Studios. Heavy impasto abstract canvas with fire engine reds, black, white and yellow....
Category
Vintage 1970s American Mid-Century Modern Paintings
Materials
Chrome
$1,620 Sale Price
49% Off
"Herdsman, Asterion
Chara, " Rare Art Deco Mural Study, Bushnell Auditorium
By Barry Faulkner
Located in Philadelphia, PA
Painted by the renowned muralist, Barry Faulkner, in 1929 for the ceiling of the Horace Bushnell Memorial Hall in Hartford, Connecticut, this remarkable Art Deco study depicts Canes Venatici, or the Herdsman holding two hounds, Asterion and Chara, by the leash as they chase Ursa Major around the Pole. The overall theme of the ceiling mural is "Drama" and it is reputed to be the largest and most ambitious in America, featuring the allegorical figure of Drama surrounded by the constellations and the Zodiac, as well as modern symbols of America including Al Jolson...
Category
Vintage 1920s American Art Deco Paintings
Materials
Paper
$2,600 Sale Price
20% Off
Oversized Mid Century Modern Abstract Impressionist Oil on Canvas Painting C1968
Located in Big Flats, NY
Oversized Mid Century Modern Abstract Impressionist Oil on Canvas Painting Signed by Sharie Jones C1968
Measures - 42.5"H x 50.5"W x 2.25"D
This striking oversized oil on canvas pa...
Category
20th Century Mid-Century Modern Paintings
Materials
Canvas
$960 Sale Price
20% Off
"Trees, " Vivid California Impressionist Painting by Edwin James Pond, Oakland
Located in Philadelphia, PA
A brilliant example of California Impressionist painting, this view of the East Bay hills shimmering in pink, purple, jade and periw...
Category
Vintage 1920s American Modern Paintings
Materials
Paint
$10,000 Sale Price
20% Off
Italian Oil on Canvas Landscape Painting by Henry Markò, Early Twentieth Century
By András Markó 1
Located in Milano, MI
Oil painting on canvas depicting a natural summer landscape, created by Henry Markò in the early twentieth century.
Ø cm 49 h cm 105
Henry Markò, descendant of the Austrian paintin...
Category
Vintage 1910s Italian Romantic Paintings
Materials
Canvas
$6,953 Sale Price
20% Off
Beautiful Early 19th Century Portrait
Located in Stockbridge, GA
Beautiful early 19th century portrait dated and signed at the back.
Portrait attributed to Berthon, student of David "The young girl and the c...
Category
Antique Early 19th Century French Empire Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Giltwood
$5,120 Sale Price
20% Off
Mid Century Abstract in Primary Colors
Located in Redding, CT
Mid Century abstract in primary colors. Perfect pop of color for that empty wall. Red, blue, yellow and orange oil on canvas. Unsigned. This item can parcel ship.
Category
Vintage 1970s Mid-Century Modern Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Wood, Paint
$699 Sale Price
53% Off
John Frederick II HERRING (1815-1907) - Young boy with a pony and his dogs
By John Frederick Herring Jr
Located in TEYJAT, FR
John Frederick II HERRING (British 1815-1907) - "Young boy with a pony and his dogs". Oil on panel signed lower right, partially legible date "1885" (?) and also having a later name...
Category
Antique Late 19th Century English Paintings
Materials
Wood, Paint
$7,810 Sale Price
20% Off
Newcomb Macklin attr. Frame
O/C Winter Scene Painting By Jenkins C1900
Located in Big Flats, NY
Newcomb Macklin attr. Frame & Oil on Canvas Winter Landscape Painting By I. G. Jenkins C1900
Measures - 37" x 28 3/4" x 3 1/4"
An antique oil on canvas painting depicting a serene ...
Category
Early 20th Century Paintings
Materials
Canvas
$960 Sale Price
20% Off
18th Century, Italian Rococo Still Life Painting by Michele A. Rapos
By Michele Antonio Rapos
Located in IT
Michele Antonio Rapos (Turin 1733-1819), Still life of flowers and fruits,
Oil on canvas
frame: cm H 133 x W 124 x D 8 (canvas: cm 108.5 x 108.5)
The painting depicts a triumph of ...
Category
Antique Late 18th Century Italian Rococo Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Giltwood
$39,763 Sale Price
20% Off
Early Mid-20th Century Hand-Painted Nursery Fairy Tale Panels Set in Wood
Located in Lomita, CA
Fairy tales do come true, and here they are: Eleven brightly colored hand-painted panels with classic nursery rhymes. A group of 11 vintage folk art painted children's nursery rhyme panels in oil are classic.
These early to mid-century nursery rhyme panels include "Simple Simon," "Jack Be Nimble," "Little Bo Peep...
Category
Early 20th Century American American Craftsman Paintings
Materials
Wood
$858 Sale Price
40% Off
19th Century Genre Beaux Arts Painting
The Ace of Spades
by J. L. Rónay
Located in West Palm Beach, FL
'The Ace of Spades' by J. L. Rónay
J. L. Rónay French /Hungarian, 19th century genre painter.
A finely painted oil on canvas of an Italian beauty seated on a stool, with tossed p...
Category
Antique Late 19th Century French Beaux Arts Paintings
Materials
Gesso, Canvas, Giltwood
$6,000 Sale Price
20% Off
Original Mid Century Cityscape Oil Painting on Board. 1950s Heller MCM Decor
By Heller
Located in Peoria, AZ
S U P E R B !
MID CENTURY MODERN
C I T Y S C A P E
P A I N T I N G !
ICONIC HELLER
MID CENTURY STYLE!
OIL ON BOARD
HUGE!
Approx. 29 " x 53 "
C I R ...
Category
Vintage 1950s American Mid-Century Modern Paintings
Materials
Canvas, Wood
$9,200 Sale Price
20% Off
Charles Levier Painting "Clown Avec Un Oiseau"
By Charles Levier
Located in Miami, FL
A Captivating Vision: "Clown Avec Un Oiseau" by Charles Levier.
This striking oil on canvas painting, titled "Clown Avec Un Oiseau" (Clown with a Bird) in French, is a captivating...
Category
Mid-20th Century American Mid-Century Modern Paintings
Materials
Paint, Wood
$45,600 Sale Price
20% Off
1950s Geometric Abstract Painting
Located in New Windsor, NY
A scintillating period Abstract Expressionist oil painting on masonite. A finely rendered piece that reveals a highly worked surface of the medium with brush stroke and palette knife...
Category
Vintage 1950s American Mid-Century Modern Paintings
Materials
Masonite, Paint
$944 Sale Price
20% Off
Tibetan Thangka of Celebration Hand Painted Gilded
Located in Somis, CA
An exquisite hand painted Tibetan Thangka depicting 63 Buddhas with consorts and 5 protector Vajrabhairavas. Buddha seated dhyana asana on lotus throne at the center of the mandala i...
Category
2010s Nepalese Paintings and Screens
Materials
Gold Leaf
$1,100 Sale Price
51% Off
Flemish School Painting, Adoration of the Child, 18th Century, Religious Art
Located in Lisbon, PT
This 18th-century Flemish oil on wood painting depicts the moment of adoration of the Child Jesus, in the loving arms of the Virgin Mary.
Kneeling at their feet is the young Saint J...
Category
Antique 18th Century Dutch Baroque Paintings
Materials
Wood
$6,841 Sale Price
20% Off
Winter Landscape Snow Scene Country Road Painting Oil on Canvas Framed Argnegger
By Alois Arnegger
Located in West Hollywood, CA
Winter Landscape Snow Scene Country Road Painting Oil on Canvas Framed Argnegger . Late 19th-early 20th century winter landscape / snow scene, by...
Category
Early 20th Century Austrian Decorative Art
Materials
Canvas, Giltwood, Wood, Paint
$16,800 Sale Price
20% Off
Autumn Tree Mountain Landscape Oil Painting on Linen 45"
Located in Dayton, OH
Very large and impressive oil on linen landscape painting depicting a scene of orange autumn trees before a backdrop of hazy mountains under a soft blue sky. Signed Rhui in lower rig...
Category
Late 20th Century Country Paintings
Materials
Linen, Paint
$1,645 Sale Price
30% Off
"Two Philosophers", 1948 Painting with Two Male Nudes by Arthur Kampf
Located in Philadelphia, PA
Serving, perhaps, as a commentary on the futility and horror of war, this allegorical painting of "Two Philosophers" was made by Arthur Kampf in 1948-49, shortly after the end of World War II and toward the end of his long life. Kampf was known for his historical and allegorical paintings, including a large scene showing a group of nude soldiers...
Category
Vintage 1940s German Art Deco Paintings
Materials
Paint
$12,000 Sale Price
20% Off
After Raffaello Sanzio 1483-1520 Raphael La Madonna della Seggiola Oil on Canvas
By (after) Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino)
Located in Los Angeles, CA
A Fine Italian 19th Century Oil Painting on Canvas "La Madonna della Seggiola" after Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino 1483-1520). The circular painted canvas depicting a seated Madonna holding an infant Jesus Christ next to a child Saint John the Baptist, all within a massive carved gilt wood and gesso frame, which is identical to the frame on Raphael's original artwork. This painting is a 19th Century copy of Raphael's Madonna della Seggiola painted in 1514 and currently exhibited and part of the permanent collection at the Palazzo Pitti, Galleria Palatina, Florence, Italy. The bodies of the Virgin, Christ, and the boy Baptist fill the whole picture. The tender, natural looking embrace of the Mother and Child, and the harmonious grouping of the figures in the round, have made this one of Raphael's most popular Madonnas. The isolated chair leg is reminiscent of papal furniture, which has led to the assumption that Leo X himself commissioned the painting. A retailer's label reads " Fred K/ Keer's Sons - Framers and Fine Art Dealers - 917 Broad St. Newark, N.J." - Another label from the gilder reads "Carlo Bartolini - Doratore e Verniciatori - Via Maggio 1924 - Firenze". Circa: 1890-1900.
Subject: Religious painting
Canvas diameter: 28 inches (71.1 cm)
Frame height: 54 inches (137.2 cm)
Frame width: 42 1/2 inches (108 cm)
Frame depth: 5 1/2 inches (14 cm)
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (Italian, March 28 or April 6, 1483 - April 6, 1520), known as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period.
Raphael was enormously productive, running an unusually large workshop and, despite his death at 37, leaving a large body of work. Many of his works are found in the Vatican Palace, where the frescoed Raphael Rooms were the central, and the largest, work of his career. The best known work is The School of Athens in the Vatican Stanza della Segnatura. After his early years in Rome much of his work was executed by his workshop from his drawings, with considerable loss of quality. He was extremely influential in his lifetime, though outside Rome his work was mostly known from his collaborative printmaking.
After his death, the influence of his great rival Michelangelo was more widespread until the 18th and 19th centuries, when Raphael's more serene and harmonious qualities were again regarded as the highest models. His career falls naturally into three phases and three styles, first described by Giorgio Vasari: his early years in Umbria, then a period of about four years (1504–1508) absorbing the artistic traditions of Florence, followed by his last hectic and triumphant twelve years in Rome, working for two Popes and their close associates.
Raphael was born in the small but artistically significant central Italian city of Urbino in the Marche region, where his father Giovanni Santi was court painter to the Duke. The reputation of the court had been established by Federico III da Montefeltro, a highly successful condottiere who had been created Duke of Urbino by the Pope - Urbino formed part of the Papal States - and who died the year before Raphael was born. The emphasis of Federico's court was rather more literary than artistic, but Giovanni Santi was a poet of sorts as well as a painter, and had written a rhymed chronicle of the life of Federico, and both wrote the texts and produced the decor for masque-like court entertainments. His poem to Federico shows him as keen to show awareness of the most advanced North Italian painters, and Early Netherlandish artists as well. In the very small court of Urbino he was probably more integrated into the central circle of the ruling family than most court painters.
Federico was succeeded by his son Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, who married Elisabetta Gonzaga, daughter of the ruler of Mantua, the most brilliant of the smaller Italian courts for both music and the visual arts. Under them, the court continued as a centre for literary culture. Growing up in the circle of this small court gave Raphael the excellent manners and social skills stressed by Vasari. Court life in Urbino at just after this period was to become set as the model of the virtues of the Italian humanist court through Baldassare Castiglione's depiction of it in his classic work The Book of the Courtier, published in 1528. Castiglione moved to Urbino in 1504, when Raphael was no longer based there but frequently visited, and they became good friends. He became close to other regular visitors to the court: Pietro Bibbiena and Pietro Bembo, both later cardinals, were already becoming well known as writers, and would be in Rome during Raphael's period there. Raphael mixed easily in the highest circles throughout his life, one of the factors that tended to give a misleading impression of effortlessness to his career. He did not receive a full humanistic education however; it is unclear how easily he read Latin.
Early Life and Works
His mother Màgia died in 1491 when Raphael was eight, followed on August 1, 1494 by his father, who had already remarried. Raphael was thus orphaned at eleven; his formal guardian became his only paternal uncle Bartolomeo, a priest, who subsequently engaged in litigation with his stepmother. He probably continued to live with his stepmother when not staying as an apprentice with a master. He had already shown talent, according to Vasari, who says that Raphael had been "a great help to his father". A self-portrait drawing from his teenage years shows his precocity. His father's workshop continued and, probably together with his stepmother, Raphael evidently played a part in managing it from a very early age. In Urbino, he came into contact with the works of Paolo Uccello, previously the court painter (d. 1475), and Luca Signorelli, who until 1498 was based in nearby Città di Castello.
According to Vasari, his father placed him in the workshop of the Umbrian master Pietro Perugino as an apprentice "despite the tears of his mother". The evidence of an apprenticeship comes only from Vasari and another source, and has been disputed—eight was very early for an apprenticeship to begin. An alternative theory is that he received at least some training from Timoteo Viti, who acted as court painter in Urbino from 1495.Most modern historians agree that Raphael at least worked as an assistant to Perugino from around 1500; the influence of Perugino on Raphael's early work is very clear: "probably no other pupil of genius has ever absorbed so much of his master's teaching as Raphael did", according to Wölfflin. Vasari wrote that it was impossible to distinguish between their hands at this period, but many modern art historians claim to do better and detect his hand in specific areas of works by Perugino or his workshop. Apart from stylistic closeness, their techniques are very similar as well, for example having paint applied thickly, using an oil varnish medium, in shadows and darker garments, but very thinly on flesh areas. An excess of resin in the varnish often causes cracking of areas of paint in the works of both masters. The Perugino workshop was active in both Perugia and Florence, perhaps maintaining two permanent branches. Raphael is described as a "master", that is to say fully trained, in December 1500.
His first documented work was the Baronci altarpiece for the church of Saint Nicholas of Tolentino in Città di Castello, a town halfway between Perugia and Urbino. Evangelista da Pian di Meleto, who had worked for his father, was also named in the commission. It was commissioned in 1500 and finished in 1501; now only some cut sections and a preparatory drawing remain. In the following years he painted works for other churches there, including the Mond Crucifixion (about 1503) and the Brera Wedding of the Virgin (1504), and for Perugia, such as the Oddi Altarpiece. He very probably also visited Florence in this period. These are large works, some in fresco, where Raphael confidently marshals his compositions in the somewhat static style of Perugino. He also painted many small and exquisite cabinet paintings in these years, probably mostly for the connoisseurs in the Urbino court, like the Three Graces and St. Michael, and he began to paint Madonnas and portraits. In 1502 he went to Siena at the invitation of another pupil of Perugino, Pinturicchio, "being a friend of Raphael and knowing him to be a draughtsman of the highest quality" to help with the cartoons, and very likely the designs, for a fresco series in the Piccolomini Library in Siena Cathedral. He was evidently already much in demand even at this early stage in his career.
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